Bilingualism and Deafness: On Language Contact in the Bilingual Acquisition of Sign Language and Written Language - Bilingualism and Deafness: On Language Contact in the Bilingual Acquisition of Sign Language and Wri -

The path toward sign bilingualism: a cross-disciplinary perspective (Sign) Bilingualism as an object of scientific enquiry Narrowing the focus on sign bilingualism Outline of the work Sign bilingualism: sociolinguistic aspects Bilingualism as a societal phenomenon Types of multilingualism The status of languages in a situation of contact The notion of community: language and group identity Language planning: models and measures Sign language on the agenda The development of the deaf community Sign language transmission Demography Deaf activism Deaf movement Empowerment Deafhood Sign language planning Sign bilingualism and deaf education Aims and types of bilingual education Bilingual education programmes: Variables Bilingual education and academic achievements Sign bilingual education Variation in sign bilingual education: a critical appraisal Sign bilingualism: challenges and perspectives along the research- policy-practice axis Sign bilingualism: a developmental linguistics perspective What is acquired: Universal and language-specific properties of grammar Sentence structure: a basic design Functional categories: sentence structure and grammatical processes How grammar is acquired: a UG based dynamic model The Principles and Parameters model Accounting for development: Structure-building hypothesis Accounting for variation: a dynamic approach to language development A dynamic view of changes in learner grammars Language separation and interaction in bilingual language acquisition Language separation Bilinguals’ pooling of resources Narrowing the focus: bimodal bilingual language acquisition in deaf learners Acquisition scenarios and status of the languages Hypotheses about the acquisition of the written language Hypotheses about the spoken language-written language relation Autonomy and interaction in the acquisition of the written language Attaining the writing system Main tasks Strategies in early word reading and writing The role of metalinguistic awareness Hypotheses about cross-modal language mixing Introducing the study: Deaf learners’ acquisition of DGS and German Research questions Introducing the case studies Participants Key features of the Berlin bilingual education programme Method Procedure Analysis of the data Outline of the empirical chapters DGS: a grammatical sketch Word order Word order and morphological case Referential and spatial loci Morphosyntax Plain verbs pam (personal agreement marker)Spatial verbs Classifier agreement Agreement verbs Agreement: some points of controversy Syntax-discourse interface Subject drop and discourse topic drop (Co-)Reference: establishing and maintaining reference in signed discourse Referential shift Sign spaces: a note on terminology Signalling referential shift Shifted reference: grammatical aspects Shifting reference: pragmatic aspects Reference forms and functions Complex classifier constructions and the expression of spatial relations A structural account of DGS Research on the acquisition of DGS (and other sign languages)Word order Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Referential establishment and maintenance Complex classifier constructions Referential shift Reference forms and functions Development of coherence and cohesion Sign language acquisition: diagnostic criteria Analyses of DGS data and outline of the empirical chapters Developmental profile: Muhammed DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development: increasing narrative complexity Syntax and morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Language contact Developmental profile: Simon DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development Syntax Syntax-discourse interface Language contact Developmental profile: Maria DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development: increasing narrative complexity Orchestration of linguistic devices for narrative purposes Developmental profile: Fuad DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development Structural complexity Syntax-discourse interface Developmental profile: Hamida DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development: mastery of the syntax-discourse interface Syntax Syntax-discourse interface Developmental profile: Christa DGS competence at the onset of the study Syntax Morphosyntax Syntax-discourse interface Further development: increasing narrative complexity Syntactic complexity Syntax-discourse interface Language contact Discussion Sentence structure IP tracking: syntactic arrangements and morphosyntactic landmarks CP tracking: sentence types and signers’ perspectives The syntax-discourse interface: on the orchestration of linguistic devices for narrative purposes Referential establishment and maintenance Reference forms and functions Expression of spatial relations Some notes on the organisation of narrative texts Bilingual deaf learners’ written German profiles German: a grammatical sketch Word order Inflectional morphology Word order and morphological case A structural account of German Research on the acquisition of German A fragmented picture of deaf learners’ written language competence Theoretically based hypotheses of deaf learners’ written productions Tracing the sources of deaf learner errors Acquisition of German: diagnostic criteria VP structures IP structures CP structures Structure building in the acquisition of German Analysis of Written German data and outline of the empirical chapters Developmental profile: Muhammed Word order in Muhammed’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Expansion of the VP structure: coexistence of VP and IP structures V2 and complex clauses Language contact phenomena Verb inflection in Muhammed’s narratives Developmental profile: Simon Word order in Simon’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Word order variation Concatenation of propositions Lack of evidence for the expansion of the VP Verb inflection in Simon’s narratives Developmental profile: Maria Word order in Maria’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Variation in the left periphery and complex clauses V2 constraint Implementation of V2 Verb inflection in Maria’s narratives Developmental profile: Fuad Word order in Fuad’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Expansion of the VP structure: coexistence of VP and IP structures Word order and language contact Complex clauses and V2 Verb inflection in Fuad’s narratives Developmental profile: Hamida Word order in Hamida’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Coexistence of head-initial and head-final IP structures Variation in the left periphery Candidates for language mixing Verb inflection in Hamida’s narratives Developmental profile: Christa Word order in Christa’s narratives Written German competence at the onset of the study Further development Word order variation and language contact Expansion of the VP structure Verb inflection in Christa’s narratives Discussion Exploiting elementary structural domains: variation at the VP level On the (questionable) use of a basic pattern: early SVX Basic building blocks and verb drop Candidates for cross-modal language mixing: Pooling of linguistic resources Structure-building: variation and the dynamics of language development Signposts for the implementation of the IP: auxiliary and modal verbs Discovering the connections: verb raising Signs of variation: verb inflection morphology Inter-modal go-betweens: language borrowing and the unclear role of LBG Individual variation in the implementation of the IP V2, CP and the restructuring of IP Variation in the left periphery Subordination and question formation Language mixing Sign bilingualism as a challenge and as a resource Toward a cross-disciplinary view of sign bilingualism Sign bilingualism as a challenge The changing status of sign language in deaf education Modelling bilingualism and deafness in education Sign bilingualism as a resource The dynamics of (bilingual) language acquisition On the orchestration of linguistic devices in the acquisition of DGS Climbing up the structure tree in the acquisition of German Pooling of resources in the organisation a multilingual competence Concluding remarks