Bilingualism in Schools and Society: Language, Identity, and Policy

Facts and Myths about Bilingualism MYTH #1: A BILINGUAL IS FULLY PROFICIENT IN TWO LANGUAGES MYTH #2: IMMIGRANTS ARE RELUCTANT TO LEARN ENGLISH MYTH #3: CHILDREN NEED EARLY EXPOSURE TO A SECOND LANGUAGE IF THEY ARE TO LEARN IT SUCCESSFULLY MYTH #4: IMMIGRANT PARENTS SHOULD SPEAK THE SOCIETAL LANGUAGE WITH THEIR CHILDREN AT HOME TO HELP THEM SUCCEED IN SCHOOL MYTH #5: HIGH DROPOUT RATES OF HISPANIC STUDENTS IN THE U.S. DEMONSTRATE THE FAILURE OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION SUMMARY FURTHER READING STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Bilingualism in a Globalized World OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBAL SPREAD OF ENGLISH GLOBAL FLOW #1: TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION- PEOPLE IN SEARCH OF A BETTER LIFE Educational Migration GLOBAL FLOW #2: POPULAR MUSIC- CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION GLOBAL FLOW #3: ADVERTISING-SELLING GOODS AND SERVICES IN MORE THAN ONE LANGUAGE GLOBAL FLOW #4: THE INTERNET— THE GREAT FLATTENING FORCE CONCLUSION FURTHER READING STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES The Politics of Bilingualism WHAT IS A LANGUAGE? WHAT IS A DIALECT?LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN THE WORLD DIGLOSSIA WHAT GIVES RISE TO BILINGUAL SOCIETIES?LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT INCIDENCE OF BI-/MULTILINGUALISM IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Officially Bi-/Multilingual Countries with Few Actual Bilinguals Officially Monolingual Countries with Many Actual Bilinguals HOW LANGUAGE POLICY AFFECTS SOCIETAL BILINGUALISM: THREE CASES Latvia Morocco Singapore SUMMARY FURTHER READING ONLINE AND VIDEO RESOURCES STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Heritage Language Education WHAT IS A HERITAGE LANGUAGE?HERITAGE LANGUAGE EDUCATION AT THE K-12 LEVEL Foreign/Heritage Language Education in Public K-12 Schools Heritage Language Education in Community-Based Programs FOREIGN/HERITAGE LANGUAGE LEARNING AT POST-SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS PROMOTING HERITAGE LANGUAGES: WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE FURTHER READING STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Bilingualism and Identity LANGUAGE ATTITUDE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT: A MODEL THE ROLE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT ESSENTIALIST VS. CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEWS ON LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: AN EXAMPLE UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING EDUCATION FOR EMPOWERMENT SUMMARY FURTHER READING STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Social and Conversational Aspects of Code-Switching REVISITING DIGLOSSIA CONVERSATIONAL CODE-SWITCHING Myers-Scotton’s “Markedness Model”Auer’s Conversation Analytic Framework USING CODE-SWITCHING TO WIELD POWER CODE-SWITCHING ON THE INTERNET CODE-SWITCHING IN POPULAR MUSIC CODE-SWITCHING IN THE CLASSROOM SUMMARY FURTHER READING STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Educating English Learners THE GROWING ENGLISH LEARNER POPULATION LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The Permissive Period: 1700s-1880s The Restrictive Period: 1880s-1960s The Opportunist Period: 1960s-1980s The Dismissive Period: 1980s-Present ACADEMIC LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LEARNERS HOW SHOULD ACADEMIC LANGUAGE BE TAUGHT?CONCLUSIONS FURTHER READING ONLINE RESOURCES STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Educational Models that Promote Additive Bilingualism CANADIAN FRENCH IMMERSION EUROPEAN SCHOOLS INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IMMERSION DEVELOPMENTAL (LATE-EXIT) BILINGUAL EDUCATION TWO-WAY (DUAL) IMMERSION SUMMARY FURTHER READING ONLINE AND VIDEO RESOURCES STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES Multilingual Families SIMULTANEOUS BILINGUAL ACQUISITION SUCCESSIVE BILINGUAL ACQUISITION CASE STUDIES OF THREE BILINGUAL FAMILIES The Fantini Family (Fantini, 1985)The Caldas Family (Caldas, 2006)The Matthews Family (Yip & Matthews, 2007)BIRTH ORDER DIFFERENCES IN BILINGUAL DEVELOPMENT RESISTING LANGUAGE SHIFT SUMMARY FURTHER READING ONLINE RESOURCES STUDY QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES