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A history of British national audit : the pursuit of accountability
A Sense of History
Medieval Beginnings
Origins of the Exchequer
'Course of the Exchequer'
Accountability of Sheriffs
Examination of Accounts
Abuses of Office
Exchequer Controls
The Later Exchequer
Conclusion
Advance and Retreat in the Financial Supremacy of Parliament
Accountability to Parliament
Introduction of Appropriation
Developments under the Lancastrians
Yorkist Revival and Tudor Reorganization
Auditors of the Imprests
Parliament and the Stuarts
Samuel Pepys
Committee of Accounts 1667
Conclusion
The Commissioners and Board of Audit
Introduction of the Civil List
Sinecures and Patronage
Economical Reform
Commissioners for Examining the Public Accounts 1780-5
Commissioners of Audit 1785-1866
Consolidation of Audit
The Treasury and the Civil Service in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Conclusion
Early Victorian Reform
The 1832 Audit Act
Sir James Graham and Economy
Main Provisions of the Act
The 1846 Audit Act and the 1851 Audit Act
Select Committee on Public Monies
William Gladstone and His Sacred Mission
Delays in Audit Reform and the Audit Bill
Conclusion
The 1866 Audit Act and the Modern State
Independence of the Comptroller and Auditor General
Departmental Accounting Officers
Early Challenges
Accounting Practices
Staffing and Asserting Independence
The First C&AGs
Introduction of Value-for-Money Audits
The Welfare State
Colonial Audit
Expenses of Members of Parliament
Conclusion
Audit, Accountability, and the Impact of the Two World Wars
First World War
Treasury Control of Departments
Controls on Contracts
Wartime Audit
Peace and Restoration of Parliamentary Control
Appointment of Accounting Officers
Restoring Financial Control
Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1921
Key Reforms
Appointment of Professionally Qualified Audit Staff
Trial Introduction of Accrual Accounts
The Second World War and C&AG Audit
Threats to Effective Audit
Audit of Expenditure Overseas
Audit of Contracts for Supplies and Services
Conclusion
Post-War Strengths and Challenges
Redrawing the Lines
Value-for-Money Examinations
Rights of Access and Inspection
E&AD Audit Relationships
Emerging Concerns
Conclusion
Audit in the Time of the New Public Management
Fulton Report
Reorganization of Central Government
New Management Techniques
Reform of the E&AD
Impetus for Change
Management Review
Raynerism
The Financial Management Initiative
Next Steps
Further Developments in Audit
C&AGs, the Treasury, and Audit Reform
Conclusion
The National Audit Office
Initiating Reform
National Audit Act 1983
Treasury Response to Reform
Maintaining and Extending Audit Access
Responding to New Demands
Sharman Report
Environmental Auditing
Reporting Practices
Relationship with Departments
'Following Public Money'
Competition and Contracting Out
Devolution
Accrual Accounting and Resource Accounts
NAO Corporate Governance and Independence
New NAO Legislation
NAO Performance 2014-15
Conclusion
Recurring Themes and Continuing Change
Appropriation
Accounting Officers
Audit Independence
Audit Remit
Rights of Access and Inspection
Relationships with the PAC and Parliament
Relationships with the Treasury and Departments
Clarifying and Strengthening Accountabilities
Conclusion
Bibliography
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