Biofilms and Implantable Medical Devices: Infection and Control - Biofilms and Implantable Medical Devices: Infection and Control -

Preface One Fundamentals and properties of biofilms Overview of biofilm-related problems in medical devices I ntroduction Development of microbial biofilms on biomaterials used in medicine Interaction of microbial strains with biomaterial surface Microbial structures involved in the adherence to biomaterials Polysaccharides Bio film structure and properties Incidence and etiology of biofilm-associated infections on medical devices Orthopedic infections Catheter-associated infections Infections associated with cardiovascular implants Infections associated with ophthalmic implants Ventilation-associated pneumonia The pathogenesis of infections associated with medical devices Strategies to prevent infections associated with medical devices Conclusion References Properties of biofilms developed on medical devices I ntroduction Biofilm infections related to medical devices Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Fungal bio films Protozoa biofilms Archaea biofilm Device-associated biofilms Noninvasive devices Biofilms associated with invasive devices Transient use medical devices Short-term-used medical devices Long-term use Conclusions References Adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and biofilm formation on medical devices Introduction Finding the target: bacterial motility and events that lead to bacterial contact with and attachment to a surface Brownian motion Flagellar motility Nonflagellar motility Environmental stimuli that influence bacterial movement Chemotaxis Quorum sensing Bis-(3-5)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)Coming and going versus staying put: adhesion to a surface, regulation of adhesion, and initiation of microcolony formation Sticking to it: factors that mediate bacterial adherence to a surface Protein adhesins Adhesive pili Amyloid fibers Other methods of sticking to it: nonproteinaceous adhesive factors So it begins: reversible and irreversible attachment to a surface Contact-dependent signal transduction in promoting irreversible attachment Regulation of adhesive fibers Growing old together: processes that lead to biofilm maturation Raising the shields: the composition and function of the extracellular matrix Composition of the extracellular matrix Protecting the community: role of the ECM in biofilm maturation All grown up: growth and maturation of the biofilm community Divvying up the labor: subpopulation development during biofilm maturation Time to leave: biofilm dispersal and implications for the host The signal(s) to leave: cues lending to dissemination from the bio film Adding fuel to the fire: biofilm dispersal drives secondary-site infection There is a stranger in my house: mixed-species biofilms in relation to medical devices and human health Conclusions and thoughts moving forward References Antimicrobial resistance of biofilms in medical devices Introduction Biofilms—formation, structure, and resistance Formation and structure Antimicrobial resistance Infections associated with medical devices Medical devices Healthcare-associated infections Most common contamination in medical devices Biofilms in medical devices: resistance Detection and diagnosis Consequences of bio film resistance: superbugs Bio film prevention Conclusions References Two Biofilm-related infections in medical devices Biofilms on dental implants Introduction Oral implantology: fundamental principles Biofilms on dental implants General aspects The characteristics of bio films in dental implants Pellicle formation Adhesion of microorganisms and maturation of implant dental plaque Material-related parameters Surface properties Implant and abutment material The role of the implant/abutment connection Impact of platform switching Prosthetic suprastructure Role of dental cement in biofilm formation on dental implants Conclusions References Biofilm on bone repair devices I ntroduction Infection of bone repair devices Infection and bone allograft Influence of the synovial environment on infection Detection and treatment of orthopedic infection Conclusion References Prevention of biofilm formation by material modification Introduction Metals and alloys Polymers Prosthetic tubular devices Development of new surfaces with antibiofilm properties Innovative wound dressing Ceramics Composite materials Dental materials Conclusions and perspectives References Detection of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on medical surfaces Introduction Diagnosis of device-associated biofilms Traditional detection, visualization, and isolation of bio film-forming bacteria from medical devices Culture methods Direct staining and microscopy methods Immunology-based methods Molecular techniques State-of-the-art methods for detection and visualization of bio films on medical devices Improved bio film imaging Engineering-based approaches: development of intelligent implants Concluding remarks References Alternative strategies to reduce the incidence of severe infections Introduction Strategies based on natural modulators Essential oils Quorum-sensing inhibitors Strategies based on synthetic structures Organic compounds Inorganic compounds Strategies based on nanobiomaterials Conclusions References