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Arguments about abortion : personhood, morality, and law
Preliminaries
The Argument to Come
I ORDERING THE ARGUMENT
What Should Abortion Argument Be About?
Persons and Human Beings
Dworkin and the Red Herring
Personhood v the Intrinsic Value of Human Life
‘Signal inconsistencies’
The ‘Anti-Personhood’ Argument
Intractability and Compromise
Vagueness and Redundancy
Conclusion
Gestation as Good Samaritanism
The Liberal Principle
The Violinist Analogy
Criticism of the Good Samaritan Thesis
A Duty to Gestate?
Is Abortion the Failure to Rescue?
Killing and Letting Die
Harming and Not Helping
Conclusion
Abortion as Justified Homicide
Self-Defence and the Conflict of Rights
Necessity and Morally Permissible Killing
‘The lesser of two evils’
Morally permissible killing and necessity in the law
Intention and the doctrine of double-effect
The manner of killing
Double-effect and comparing intentions
Conclusion
Analogical Arguments and Sex Equality
The Use of Analogies in Abortion Argument
The Sex Equality Argument
Sex Equality and Fetal Personhood
II THE THRESHOLD OF PERSONHOOD
Personhood Thresholds, Arbitrariness, and ‘Punctualism’
Thresholds of Personhood
Arbitrariness of Different Kinds
Conception and the Sorites Paradox
Punctualism v Gradualism
Personhood Continuums
The ‘Brain Cell Spectrum’
The ‘Transgenic Spectrum’
The ‘Sentience Spectrum’
Dualism, Substantial Identity, and the Precautionary Principle
What Would Make Punctualism True?
Dualism
Personhood Essentialism and the Argument from Substantial Identity
Quantitative Properties
The Precautionary Principle
Gradualism and Human Embodiment
Gradualisms
Reductio Problems and the Conditions for Personhood
Infanticide, radical cognitive deficiency, and sedation
Species membership and potentiality
Multi-Criterial Approaches
Archetypes and Qualifiers
Human Embodiment
Human Equality and the Significance of Birth
The Equality Problem and the Threshold Problem
Personhood as a ‘Range Property’
‘Opacity Respect’
The Edge of the Range
From Womb to World
Intrinsic and extrinsic qualities
Embodiment in the world
Conclusion
III PRINCIPLE AND PRAGMATISM
Regulating Abortion
Modes of Regulation
Moral Conclusions and Legal Regulation
Legal Goals and Legal Constraints
Proportional moral gravity
Upper limits
Late abortion and fetal pain
Lower Limits and the ‘Right’ to Abortion
Selective Abortion. Sex and Disability
‘Hard Cases’
Sex Selective Abortion
Fetal Abnormality Abortion
Making an Exception for Sex Selection
Fetal Abnormality and Consistency
Choice and coercion
Conclusion
Matters of Conscience
The Case of the Catholic Midwives
The Problem of Conscience
The Purpose of the Law
Cogs in the Machine
The Burdens of Conscience
Conscientious Provision
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