Contemporary Urban Planning

Preface I THE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING An Overview THE NEED FOR PLANNING THE SPECIFIC CONCERNS OF PLANNING WHO ARE THE PLANNERS?PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SATISFACTIONS AND DISCONTENTS USEFUL ABILITIES THE PLAN OF THIS BOOK NOTES The Urbanization of America URBANIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Forces Behind Urban Growth Urban Concentration and Density The Beginnings of Decentralization URBAN TRENDS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The Rush to the Suburbs Regional Trends The Age of Central-City Shrinkage Trends Since 2000 Cities and the Poor A TURN TOWARD REURBANIZATION? SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The History of Planning: Part I COLONIAL AMERICA LIMITED MEANS AND GROWING PROBLEMS THE PRESSURE FOR REFORM Sanitary Reform Urban Open Space Housing Reform The Tradition of Municipal Improvement The Municipal Art Movement The City Beautiful Movement THE BIRTH OF MODERN CITY PLANNING THE PUBLIC CONTROL OF PRIVATE PROPERTY The Rush to Zone The Growth of Community Master Planning THE EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL AND STATE PLANNING GRANDER VISIONS SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The History of Planning: Part II PLANNING AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION THE POSTWAR PERIOD The Expansion of Municipal Planning Urban Renewal The Age of Highway Planning Environmental Planning Growth Control and Growth Management The Growth of Statewide Planning Economic Development Planning Planning for Smart Growth Planning and Public Safety Planning for Natural Disasters SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY II THE STRUCTURE AND PRACTICE OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING The Legal Basis of Planning THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Powers and Limitations PUBLIC CONTROL OVER PRIVATE PROPERTY THE SUPREME COURT AND THE TAKING ISSUE THE RIGHTS OF NONRESIDENTS THE FIGHT OVER EMINENT DOMAIN STATE-ENABLING LEGISLATION The Legal Link to State Planning THE FEDERAL ROLE Mandated Responsibilities SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Planning and Politics WHY IS PLANNING POLITICAL?PLANNERS AND POWER THE FRAGMENTATION OF POWER STYLES OF PLANNING HOW PLANNING AGENCIES ARE ORGANIZED Planning Consultants Reaching Out to the Public SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The Social Issues THE SOCIAL ISSUES IN PLANNING FOR HOUSING The Special Case of Private Communities The Problem of Homelessness OTHER ISSUES The Social Side of Planning for Catastrophe The Social Side of Economic Development Transportation Planning Environmental Policy The Question of Environmental Justice Gender Issues Feminism and Planning Planning and Aging Social Planning for Whom?WHO DOES SOCIAL PLANNING?SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The Comprehensive Plan THE GOALS OF COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS Planning Research Formulating Community Goals Formulating the Plan Implementing the Plan Review and Updating The Technology of Citizen Participation HOW EFFECTIVE ARE COMPREHENSIVE PLANS? SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The Tools of Land-Use Planning PUBLIC CAPITAL INVESTMENT FINANCING CAPITAL EXPENDITURES The Capital Budget Types of Bonds Revenue Bonds Grants A Basic Difference in Budgeting LAND-USE CONTROLS Subdivision Regulations Zoning Ordinances THE INGREDIENTS OF A ZONING ORDINANCE PROPERTY TAXES AND ZONING MAKING ZONING MORE FLEXIBLE Bonus or Incentive Zoning Transfer of Development Rights THE HIGH LINE AND TDR Inclusionary Zoning Planned Unit Development Cluster Zoning Performance Zoning Development Agreements Exactions FORM-BASED ZONING OTHER TYPES OF LOCAL LAND-USE CONTROLS Site-Plan Review Architectural Review Historic Preservation COMBINING CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND LAND-USE CONTROLS FORCES BEYOND LOCAL CONTROL Higher Levels of Land-Use Control SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY III FIELDS OF PLANNING Urban Design WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN? THREE LARGE-SCALE URBAN DESIGN EXAMPLES Rebuilding the World Trade Center Site The Hudson Yards Project THE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Implementation WHAT IS GOOD URBAN DESIGN? The Neighborhood Concept REPLANNING SUBURBIA: THE NEOTRADITIONALISTS WHAT IS WRONG WITH THE POD AND COLLECTOR PLAN EDGE CITY VISIONS OF THE CITY OF THE FUTURE Recent Thinking About the Urban Future COMING TO TERMS WITH THE AUTOMOBILE SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Urban Renewal and Community Development URBAN RENEWAL The Origins of Urban Renewal Intention and Reality Urban Renewal in Retrospect COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Community Development Versus the Urban Renewal Approach THE HOUSING QUESTION PLANNING FOR HOUSING Federal Requirements A More Comprehensive Approach to Planning for Housing Planning for an Older Population THE HOUSING BUBBLE AND THE PROBLEM OF ABANDONMENT The Implications for Municipalities What Can Governments Do?SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Transportation Planning RECENT TRENDS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION PAYING FOR TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND LAND USE THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS Modeling Metropolitan Area Transportation A SIMPLE GRAVITY MODEL ILLUSTRATION The Policy Decision Planning for Public Transportation The Question of Intercity Rail Transportation OPTIMIZING THE TRAFFIC SYSTEM THE GROWING ROLE OF TOLLS AND PRIVATIZATION THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Economic Development Planning HISTORIC ROOTS PERSPECTIVES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The Federal Presence in Local Economic Development DOES PUBLIC INTERVENTION MAKE SENSE?STATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS A Crucial Difference The Relationship Between Planners and Economic Developers What a Community Can Do to Promote Its Economic Growth Cooperation and Competition Pursuit of Investment by Higher Levels of Government Larger Considerations A Systematic Approach to Economic Development Planning SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Growth Management, Smart Growth, Sustainable Development, and Planning for Catastrophe THE ORIGINS OF GROWTH MANAGEMENT WINNERS AND LOSERS IN GROWTH MANAGEMENT The "Defense of Privilege" Issue A SAMPLING OF LOCAL GROWTH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS STATE-LEVEL GROWTH MANAGEMENT Hawaii Florida Oregon New Jersey GROWTH MANAGEMENT: PRO OR CON?THE CHALLENGE OF SMART GROWTH PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY Implementing a Local Sustainable Development Program A LIST OF SUSTAINABLE PLANNING TECHNIQUES PLANNING FOR NATURAL DISASTERS New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina Planning for New York after Hurricane Sandy SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Environmental and Energy Planning THE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROBLEM THE QUESTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY THE LINK BETWEEN NATIONAL AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING The Special Case of "Superfund"Friendly Criticism Unfriendly Criticism LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING An Example of Local Environmental Planning ENERGY PLANNING Energy Planning at the Local Level The LEED Program Local Energy Production SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY LARGER OUESTIONS Planning for Metropolitan Regions THE POLITICAL PROBLEM A BRIEF HISTORY OF METROPOLITAN-AREA PLANNING The Public Authority Regional Planning After World War II MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL: A TALE OF TWO CITIES What Has Been Accomplished?THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY Is There a Downside?THE ATLANTA REGIONAL COMMISSION SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY National Planning in the United States IS THERE NATIONAL PLANNING IN THE UNITED STATES?THE PATTERN OF LAND SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHING THE RAIL NETWORK WATER AND THE WEST Western Water Policy in Retrospect SYSTEMATIC REGIONAL PLANNING THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM FINANCING THE SUBURBS Suburbanization and Tax Policy LAND MANAGEMENT WHAT'S NEXT? SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Planning in Other Nations Planning in western Europe Planning in Great Britain Planning in France Planning in the Netherlands Planning in Scandinavia Planning in Germany PLANNING IN EASTERN EUROPE The Transition to a Market Economy The Problem of Privatization EU Membership and the Future of Planning in Eastern Europe PLANNING IN ASIA SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Planning Theory IS THEORY NECESSARY?A DISTINCTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PLANNING THE PROCESS OF PLANNING The Rational Model Disjointed Incrementalism Middle-Range Models Collaborative Rationality ADVOCACY PLANNING: THE QUESTION OF FOR WHOM PLANNING FROM RIGHT AND LEFT The View from the Right The View from the Left SUMMARY NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY