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Contemporary Urban Planning
Preface
I THE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING
An Overview
THE NEED FOR PLANNING
THE SPECIFIC CONCERNS OF PLANNING
WHO ARE THE PLANNERS?
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
SATISFACTIONS AND DISCONTENTS
USEFUL ABILITIES
THE PLAN OF THIS BOOK
NOTES
The Urbanization of America
URBANIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
The Forces Behind Urban Growth
Urban Concentration and Density
The Beginnings of Decentralization
URBAN TRENDS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
The Rush to the Suburbs
Regional Trends
The Age of Central-City Shrinkage
Trends Since 2000
Cities and the Poor
A TURN TOWARD REURBANIZATION?
SUMMARY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The History of Planning: Part I
COLONIAL AMERICA
LIMITED MEANS AND GROWING PROBLEMS
THE PRESSURE FOR REFORM
Sanitary Reform
Urban Open Space
Housing Reform
The Tradition of Municipal Improvement
The Municipal Art Movement
The City Beautiful Movement
THE BIRTH OF MODERN CITY PLANNING
THE PUBLIC CONTROL OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
The Rush to Zone
The Growth of Community Master Planning
THE EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL AND STATE PLANNING
GRANDER VISIONS
SUMMARY
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The History of Planning: Part II
PLANNING AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION
THE POSTWAR PERIOD
The Expansion of Municipal Planning
Urban Renewal
The Age of Highway Planning
Environmental Planning
Growth Control and Growth Management
The Growth of Statewide Planning
Economic Development Planning
Planning for Smart Growth
Planning and Public Safety
Planning for Natural Disasters
SUMMARY
NOTES
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II THE STRUCTURE AND PRACTICE OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING
The Legal Basis of Planning
THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Powers and Limitations
PUBLIC CONTROL OVER PRIVATE PROPERTY
THE SUPREME COURT AND THE TAKING ISSUE
THE RIGHTS OF NONRESIDENTS
THE FIGHT OVER EMINENT DOMAIN
STATE-ENABLING LEGISLATION
The Legal Link to State Planning
THE FEDERAL ROLE
Mandated Responsibilities
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Planning and Politics
WHY IS PLANNING POLITICAL?
PLANNERS AND POWER
THE FRAGMENTATION OF POWER
STYLES OF PLANNING
HOW PLANNING AGENCIES ARE ORGANIZED
Planning Consultants
Reaching Out to the Public
SUMMARY
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The Social Issues
THE SOCIAL ISSUES IN PLANNING FOR HOUSING
The Special Case of Private Communities
The Problem of Homelessness
OTHER ISSUES
The Social Side of Planning for Catastrophe
The Social Side of Economic Development
Transportation Planning
Environmental Policy
The Question of Environmental Justice
Gender Issues
Feminism and Planning
Planning and Aging
Social Planning for Whom?
WHO DOES SOCIAL PLANNING?
SUMMARY
NOTES
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The Comprehensive Plan
THE GOALS OF COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS
Planning Research
Formulating Community Goals
Formulating the Plan
Implementing the Plan
Review and Updating
The Technology of Citizen Participation
HOW EFFECTIVE ARE COMPREHENSIVE PLANS?
SUMMARY
NOTES
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The Tools of Land-Use Planning
PUBLIC CAPITAL INVESTMENT
FINANCING CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
The Capital Budget
Types of Bonds
Revenue Bonds
Grants
A Basic Difference in Budgeting
LAND-USE CONTROLS
Subdivision Regulations
Zoning Ordinances
THE INGREDIENTS OF A ZONING ORDINANCE
PROPERTY TAXES AND ZONING
MAKING ZONING MORE FLEXIBLE
Bonus or Incentive Zoning
Transfer of Development Rights
THE HIGH LINE AND TDR
Inclusionary Zoning
Planned Unit Development
Cluster Zoning
Performance Zoning
Development Agreements
Exactions
FORM-BASED ZONING
OTHER TYPES OF LOCAL LAND-USE CONTROLS
Site-Plan Review
Architectural Review
Historic Preservation
COMBINING CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND LAND-USE CONTROLS
FORCES BEYOND LOCAL CONTROL
Higher Levels of Land-Use Control
SUMMARY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
III FIELDS OF PLANNING
Urban Design
WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?
THREE LARGE-SCALE URBAN DESIGN EXAMPLES
Rebuilding the World Trade Center Site
The Hudson Yards Project
THE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Implementation
WHAT IS GOOD URBAN DESIGN?
The Neighborhood Concept
REPLANNING SUBURBIA: THE NEOTRADITIONALISTS
WHAT IS WRONG WITH THE POD AND COLLECTOR PLAN
EDGE CITY
VISIONS OF THE CITY OF THE FUTURE
Recent Thinking About the Urban Future
COMING TO TERMS WITH THE AUTOMOBILE
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Urban Renewal and Community Development
URBAN RENEWAL
The Origins of Urban Renewal
Intention and Reality
Urban Renewal in Retrospect
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Development Versus the Urban Renewal Approach
THE HOUSING QUESTION
PLANNING FOR HOUSING
Federal Requirements
A More Comprehensive Approach to Planning for Housing
Planning for an Older Population
THE HOUSING BUBBLE AND THE PROBLEM OF ABANDONMENT
The Implications for Municipalities
What Can Governments Do?
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Transportation Planning
RECENT TRENDS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION
PAYING FOR TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND LAND USE
THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
Modeling Metropolitan Area Transportation
A SIMPLE GRAVITY MODEL ILLUSTRATION
The Policy Decision
Planning for Public Transportation
The Question of Intercity Rail Transportation
OPTIMIZING THE TRAFFIC SYSTEM
THE GROWING ROLE OF TOLLS AND PRIVATIZATION
THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Economic Development Planning
HISTORIC ROOTS
PERSPECTIVES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The Federal Presence in Local Economic Development
DOES PUBLIC INTERVENTION MAKE SENSE?
STATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
A Crucial Difference
The Relationship Between Planners and Economic Developers
What a Community Can Do to Promote Its Economic Growth
Cooperation and Competition
Pursuit of Investment by Higher Levels of Government
Larger Considerations
A Systematic Approach to Economic Development Planning
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Growth Management, Smart Growth, Sustainable Development, and Planning for Catastrophe
THE ORIGINS OF GROWTH MANAGEMENT
WINNERS AND LOSERS IN GROWTH MANAGEMENT
The "Defense of Privilege" Issue
A SAMPLING OF LOCAL GROWTH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
STATE-LEVEL GROWTH MANAGEMENT
Hawaii
Florida
Oregon
New Jersey
GROWTH MANAGEMENT: PRO OR CON?
THE CHALLENGE OF SMART GROWTH
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Implementing a Local Sustainable Development Program
A LIST OF SUSTAINABLE PLANNING TECHNIQUES
PLANNING FOR NATURAL DISASTERS
New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina
Planning for New York after Hurricane Sandy
SUMMARY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Environmental and Energy Planning
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROBLEM
THE QUESTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
THE LINK BETWEEN NATIONAL AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The Special Case of "Superfund"
Friendly Criticism
Unfriendly Criticism
LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
An Example of Local Environmental Planning
ENERGY PLANNING
Energy Planning at the Local Level
The LEED Program
Local Energy Production
SUMMARY
NOTES
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LARGER OUESTIONS
Planning for Metropolitan Regions
THE POLITICAL PROBLEM
A BRIEF HISTORY OF METROPOLITAN-AREA PLANNING
The Public Authority
Regional Planning After World War II
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL: A TALE OF TWO CITIES
What Has Been Accomplished?
THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
Is There a Downside?
THE ATLANTA REGIONAL COMMISSION
SUMMARY
NOTES
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National Planning in the United States
IS THERE NATIONAL PLANNING IN THE UNITED STATES?
THE PATTERN OF LAND SETTLEMENT
ESTABLISHING THE RAIL NETWORK
WATER AND THE WEST
Western Water Policy in Retrospect
SYSTEMATIC REGIONAL PLANNING
THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
FINANCING THE SUBURBS
Suburbanization and Tax Policy
LAND MANAGEMENT
WHAT'S NEXT?
SUMMARY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Planning in Other Nations
Planning in western Europe
Planning in Great Britain
Planning in France
Planning in the Netherlands
Planning in Scandinavia
Planning in Germany
PLANNING IN EASTERN EUROPE
The Transition to a Market Economy
The Problem of Privatization
EU Membership and the Future of Planning in Eastern Europe
PLANNING IN ASIA
SUMMARY
NOTES
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Planning Theory
IS THEORY NECESSARY?
A DISTINCTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PLANNING
THE PROCESS OF PLANNING
The Rational Model
Disjointed Incrementalism
Middle-Range Models
Collaborative Rationality
ADVOCACY PLANNING: THE QUESTION OF FOR WHOM
PLANNING FROM RIGHT AND LEFT
The View from the Right
The View from the Left
SUMMARY
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