Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food

Section I: Microplastics and Nanoplastics : Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Origin, Fate and Effects Introduction Micro/Nanoplastic Sources within the Environment Micro/Nanoplastics on Land Micro/Nanoplastics in the Freshwater Environment Micro/Nanoplastics in the Marine Environment Microplastics in the Atmosphere Micro/Nanoplastics Effects on Plants Micro/Nanoplastics Effects on the Food Chain Separation and Analysis of Micro/Nanoplastics in Environmental Samples Analytical Methodologies to Assess the Micro/Nanoplastics within the Environment Threat of Micro/Nanoplastics to Human Beings Oral Route Dermal Route Inhalation Conclusion References : Plastic Waste in the Aquatic Environment: Impacts and Management Introduction Plastic Waste in the Aquatic Ecosystem Impacts of Plastic Waste on the Biota of the Aquatic Ecosystem Impact on Faunal Communities Coastal and Marine Birds Fish Mammals Reptiles Invertebrates Invasive Species Ecotoxicology Management and Preventive Measures Prevention and Control Management Procedures Public Awareness and Education Recycling of Plastics through Environmentally Sound Manners Establishment of a Waste Stock Exchange (WSE)Conversion of Plastics Waste into Artifacts Encourage the Use of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics Increment in the Thickness of Plastic Films Household Segregation, Reuse and Recycling Energy Recovery Conversion of Plastics Waste into Liquid Fuel Plasma Pyrolysis Technology Legislative Measures Conclusions References Section II: Plastics in the Environment : Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment Introduction Sources of Microplastics Primary Microplastics Secondary Microplastics Microplastics Sampling and Abundance Sampling Techniques Beach Combing Sediment Sampling Marine Trawls Marine Observational Surveys Biological Sampling Spatial and Temporal Variation of Microplastics Fate of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment Tracking the “Missing” Plastic Nanofragmentation Biofouling Marine Ingestion Interaction of Chemical Pollutants with Microplastics The Way Forward References : Marine Pollution: The Problem of Microplastics : Impacts of Macro- and Microplastics on Macrozoobenthos Abundance in the Intertidal Zone Introduction Materials and Methods Study Site Method of Macroplastic Survey Method of Microplastic Survey Sampling of Macrozoobenthos Data Analysis Results and Discussions Macroplastics Microplastic Macrozoobenthos Conclusions References Section III: Plastics in Food : Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food Introduction Classification of Fragmented Plastics Microplastics Nanoplastics Impact of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Aquaculture and its Products Sources of Human Consumption of Fragmented Plastics Marine Source of Consumption Non-Marine Source of Consumption Inhalation Exposure to Fragmented Plastics Uptake and Translocation of Fragmented Plastics Uptake in Respiratory Tract by Endocytosis Uptake in Gastrointestinal Tract by Endocytosis Uptake by the Persorption Method Fragmented Plastics in Food and Food Packaging Health Hazards Caused by Fragmented Plastics Toxicological Pathways of Fragmented Plastics Inflammatory and Immune Response by Fragmented Plastics Effect on the Airway and Gastrointestinal Tract Effect of Adsorbed and Endogenous Chemical Pollutants Effect on Microbiome Current Methods of Detection, Identification and Quantification of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Food and Other Samples Filtration Technique Floatation or Sedimentation Technique Matrix Dissolution Technique Oil Extraction Optical Vibrational Spectroscopy Thermal Analysis Fluorescent Tagging with Nile Red Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)Conclusion and Future Prospective References Section IV: Sampling and Analysis : Sampling, Isolating and Digesting of Microplastics Sampling Field-Collected Organisms Microplastic Losses during Field Sampling Microplastic Accumulation during Field Sampling Sample Storage Laboratory-Exposed Organisms Isolating Microplastics Dissection Depuration Digestion Nitric Acid Other Acids Alkalis Oxidizing Agents Sodium Hypochlorite Enzymes Effect of Temperature Filtering Digestants Density Separation References : Sampling, Isolating and Identifying Microplastics Ingested by Fish and Invertebrates Introduction Methodological Review Sampling Field-Collected Organisms Laboratory-Exposed Organisms Isolating Microplastics Dissection Depuration Digestion Density Separation Microplastic Identification Visual Identification Polymer Verification Contamination Contamination during Field Sampling Contamination during Sample Processing and Analysis Data Analysis Discussion Controlling Sampling Bias Eective Plastic Isolation Polymer Verification Mitigating Contamination Data Analysis Recommendations for Future Work Concluding Remarks References Section V: Microplastics and POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): A Real Threat to the Environment Introduction Sources and Persistence of POPs Current Scenario of POPs Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)Bisphenol A (BPA)Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)Health and Environmental Effects of POPs Future Prospects References : Marine Litter Plastics and Microplastics and Their Toxic Chemicals Components: The Need for Urgent Preventive Measures Background—Situation on Plastic and Related Chemical Contamination and Impacts Plastics in the Ocean: Sources, Volumes, Trends Chemicals (POPs and EDCs) in Marine Litter Plastics: Fate in the Marine Environment Potential Impacts on Marine Biodiversity Potential Impacts from Marine Plastics on Human Health Potential Impacts on Food Safety and Availability and Economic Activity Conclusions—Actions Needed and Potential Support by Chemical and Waste Convention Urgent Measures Needed on Production and Consumption of Plastics and Waste Management Potential Measures Suggested in the Framework of the Stockholm and Basel Conventions to Address Marine Litter; Contribution from the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs.)Contribution from the Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes Future Activities to Address Marine Litter References Section VI: Microplastics in Freshwater : Microplastics in Freshwater Plastics and Microplastics: A Historical Overview Plastics Microplastics: The Evolution of Plastic Pollution Sources of Plastics and Microplastics into the Freshwater Environment Occurrence in Freshwater Systems Fate and Transport in Freshwater Systems Transport of MPs Environmental Persistence and Degradation Interaction with Other Compounds Factors Influencing Adsorption Process Effects of Plastics and Microplastics on Freshwater Ecosystems Ingestion of MPs and its Biological Impact Chemical Effects Biofilm-Related Impact Effect of Biofilm Biological Effects of Sub-Micrometer Plastics Freshwater Microplastics: Challenges for Regulation and Management Conclusion References : Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: A Review on Its Accumulation and Effects on Fishes Introduction Microplastics Overview: Types and Sources Microplastics Methods of Ingestion of MPs by Fishes Data Analysis Effects of Microplastics on Fishes Recent Global Actions on MPs Conclusions References Index