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Attention, Genes, and ADHD
The Aims of Behaviour Genetics
Why are People Different?
The Tools of Behaviour Genetics
An Example of Genetic Analysis of ADHD
What is ADHD?
The Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP)
How common are symptoms of ADHD in these families?
Are there key correlated behaviours?
Testing for zygosity
What are the genetics of ADHD symptom number?
What is it like being a twin?
Is ADHD a Continuum or a Discrete Category?
Multivariate genetic analysis and the relationship between measures
Extensions of the twin design
Discussion
References
: The Diagnostic Genetics of ADHD Symptoms and Subtypes
Diagnostic Genetics
Categorical Versus Dimensional Systems
Heritability
Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP)
Concordance Data
Genetic Analysis
Item Analysis
Univariate Item Analysis
Multivariate Item Analysis
Discussion
References
: The Developmental Genetics of ADHD
Stability and Changes in Symptomatology
The Long-Term Outcome of ADHD
Psychopathology in Adult Relatives of Young People with ADHD
Trends in Molecular Studies
Discussion
: Familial and Genetic Bases of Speech and Language Disorders
The Search for Phenotype Definitions
Studies of Phenotypes
Incidence/Prevalence
Gender as a Risk Factor
Familial Aggregation
Studies that Suggest a Genetic Component/Genetic Studies
Comorbid Disorders
Studies of children with comorbid speech and language disorders
Pilot Data
Genetic Explanations
Summary
References
: Comorbidity of Reading/Spelling Disability and ADHD
Defining Reading and Spelling Disabilities
Epidemiological Evidence for the High Comorbidity of ADHD and RSD
Quantitative Genetic Studies of RSD
Molecular Genetic Studies of RSD
Evidence for Shared Genetic Influences on ADHD and RSD
Conclusions
References
: Causes of the Overlap Among Symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder
Method
Assessment of ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.
Results
Discussion
References
: Aetiology of the Sex Difference in the Prevalence of DSM-III-R ADHD: A Comparison of Two Models
Differences Between ADHD Boys and Girls
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF ADHD
Present Study
Results
Discussion
References
: Single Gene Studies of ADHD
Introduction
Genetics
Molecular Studies
Recent Studies Investigating Single Genes
Gene to Brain
Fragile-X Syndrome
References
: Molecular Genetics of ADHD
Introduction
Characterisation of the ADHD Phenotype for Genetic Studies
Design of Studies for Molecular Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Genetic Data Analyses
Molecular Genetic Studies of ADHD
Summary and Future Directions
References
: The Genetic Relationship Between ADHD and Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome
Phenomenology and Natural History of ADHD
Neuropsychological Assessment of GTS and ADHD
Neuropsychology of GTS
Neuropsychology of comorbid GTS and ADHD
Familial relationship between GTS and ADHD
Molecular Genetic Studies of GTS and ADHD
Summary
References
: Implications of Genetic Studies of Attention Problems for Education and Intervention
Diagnosis
Comorbidity
Intervention
Family Dynamics
Language and ADHD
Comorbidity and Schooling
Implications of Molecular Genetics
Ethical Issues
Agenda for Psychiatric Genetics
Conclusion
Clearer identification of ADHD subtypes
References
: Child Psychiatry in the Era Following Sequencing the Genome
Introduction
CLINICAL CONCEPTS
ADHD as a diagnostic category
ADHD as a multifactorial disorder
ADHD as a coinorbid disorder
ADHD as a predominantly male disorder
GENETIC RISK MECHANISMS
Mode of operation of genetic risk factors
Universality of genetic risks
Strength of genetic effects
“Good” genes and “bad” genes
Searching for Susceptibility Genes
Association methods
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approaches
FINDING OUT WHAT GENES DO
How will sequencing the genome help?
How do genes function?
Clinical Benefits of Genetic Research
Pharmacogenetics
Nature-nurture interplay
Diagnosis
Genetic screening
Counselling
Ethical issues
Conclusion
References
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