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Accountability and Culture of School Teachers and Principals: An Eight-country Comparative Study

Acknowledgments Preoccupation with educational accountability as a panacea for educational ills Development of accountability theory Teachers’ and principals’ accountability: theoretical background Conceptualizing accountability Accountability: definition and foundations Accountability as a subjective concept Accountability dimensions: external and internal Accountability audiences Accountability measurement Accountability and cultural values Cultural values and organizational behavior Cultural values: individualism and collectivism Accountability and its relationship to individualism and collectivism Accountability and country-level individualism and collectivism Accountability and organizational support Study methods Data collection Study measures External and internal accountability Individualism and collectivism Analytical approach Appendix 3.1: handling of missing data Appendix 3.2: the questionnaires used in the study (English version)Appendix 3.3: psychometric and questionnaire position of study variables Appendix 3.4: check on leveled structure teacher data Appendix 3.5a: models for teachers’ external accountability Appendix 3.5b: models for teachers’ internal accountability Appendix 3.6a: models for teachers’ accountability toward parents Appendix 3.6b: models for teachers’ accountability toward school management Study findings Accountability distribution Cultural values distribution Organizational support distribution Prediction of teachers’ and principals’ external and internal accountability Prediction of accountability: summary Discussion of study findings The two dimensions of accountability: external and internal Accountability audiences: parents and school management Effect of principals’ accountability on teachers’ accountability Predicting accountability by personal individualism and collectivism Accountability at a country level Organizational support as a predictor of accountability disposition Concluding thoughts Educators’ accountability versus school accountability Focus on internal accountability Cultural values and accountability – theoretical and practical implications The contingent role of the accountability audience Team accountability: a future research direction

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