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Automotive Power Systems
Architecture of an Automotive Power System
Architecture of the Automotive Power System
Voltage Used for Electrical Distribution System
Thermal Challenges for Electrical Components
Abnormal Voltages—Sources and Device Ratings
Inductive Load
Transients on the DC Bus
Reverse Voltage Protection
Mutual Coupling
Requirements for the Electrical Energy System Design
Distribution of Electrical Energy
Fuses
Cables for Automotive Applications
Harness Design
Representation of the Electrical Circuit
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix #1 British Standard Colors for Cables
Appendix #2 European Color Codes for Cables
Appendix #3 Popular Terminal Designation Numbers
Batteries
Historical Milestones
Functions of the Storage Battery
Construction of a Lead–Acid Cell-Type Battery
Hydrometer Readings
Voltage Level Test
Capacity
Battery Chargers
Electrical Characteristics of Lead–Acid Batteries
Internal Resistance
Efficiency
New Technologies for Sealed and Maintenance-Free Batteries
Other Possible Storage of Electrical Energy
Supercapacitors
Fuel Cell
Conclusion
References
Starter—Alternator
Alternator’s Role
Construction of an Alternator
Electronic Controls for Alternator
General Requirements
Closed-Loop Regulation of Voltage
Alternator Requirements for 48 V Systems
Using a Switched-Mode Rectifier to Increase Output Power
Other Electrical Machine Instead “Alternators”
Starter Systems
Starter Construction
Inertia Starter
Pre-Engaged Starters
Permanent Magnet Starters
Typical Torque Characteristics
Integrated Starter Alternator
Conclusion
References
Body Systems
Introduction to Body Systems
Power Window (Electrical Windows)
Power Lock Doors
Soft-Top Convertible
Hard-Top Convertible
Power Seats
Electric Sunroof
Electric Mirrors
Cruise Control
Modeling the Cruise Control
Actuator for Cruise Control
Drive-by-Wire
Climate-Control
Heater
Electronic Heater Control
A/C Compressor
Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
Conclusion
References
Power Converters Used in Body Systems
Electrical Motors Used in Body Systems
Integration of Power Electronics
High Level of Integration
Medium Level of Integration
Low Level of Integration
Power Converters
Unidirectional dc Motor Drives
Bidirectional dc Motor Drives
Single-Phase Power Converters
Three-Phase Inverters
PWM Generators
Dead-Time
Integrated Circuits for Motor Control
Sensors
Thermistors
Hall-Effect Position Sensor
Current Sensors
Voltage Measurement
Conclusion
References
Chassis Systems
Electrification of Transportation
Introduction
Ancillary Energy Sources Derived from the Engine
Road to All-Electric Vehicle Concept
Brake Systems
Electric Vacuum Power with a MOSFET Power Converter
Electronic Control of Power Steering
Solution 1: An Electrical Motor Drives the Pump
Solution 2: Electrically Assisted Power Steering
Solution 3: Principle of Electronic Power Steering
Dynamic Modeling of the Power Steering
Design With a BLDC Motor
Progressive Steering Wheel
Automotive Suspension
Conclusion
References
Lighting
Automotive Light Sources
Conventional Lighting Circuits
Gas Discharge Lamps and Their Electronic Control
LED Lights and Their Electronic Control
Laser Lights
Conclusion
References
dc/dc Converters
Role of dc/dc Power Converters
Direct Conversion (without Galvanic Isolation)
Buck Converter
Boost Converter
Other Topologies of Non-Isolated dc/dc Converters
Multi-Phase Converters
The Synchronous Converter
Isolated Converters
Flyback Converter
Direct (Forward) Converter
Push–Pull Converter
Phase-Shift Converter
Need for AC power
Low Power Solutions
High Power Solutions
Conclusion
References
Feedback Control Systems
Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems
Implementation Within Analog-Mode Power Supply Circuits
Design of Feedback Control Systems
Requirements for Feedback Control of a Power Supply
Case Studies: Feedback Control for Various Power Supplies
Analog Circuit in Follower Connection
Analog Circuit with an Inverting Topology
Boost/Buck Converters
Analog-Mode Feedback Control Solutions
Type I Compensation
Type II Compensation
Type III Compensation
Design Process From Constraints to Component Selection
On the Use of Conventional PI/D Controllers
Conversion of Analog Control Law to Digital Solutions
Control System Influence on Power Electronics Hardware
Conclusion
References
Power MOSFET
Power MOSFET in Automotive Applications
The Ideal Switch
Enhancement-Mode and Depletion-Mode MOSFETs
Operation Principle
Safe Operation Area
Gate Driver Requirements
Using P-Channel MOSFET Devices
Parameters Used in MOSFET Selection
Synchronous Rectification
Advanced FET Devices
Conclusion
References
Fuses and Relay Circuits
Intelligent Switch Versus Solid-State Relay
Electromagnetic Relays
Using Electromagnetic Relays
Construction
Solid-State Relays
Introduction to Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Automotive Varistor and Transient-Voltage-Suppression (TVS)
Solenoids
Electromechanical Solenoid
Solenoid Valve
Power Converter Drive
Conclusion
References
Small Motors
Principle of Electrical Motors
Permanent Magnet Motors
Variable Reluctance Motor
DC Motors
Induction Motor
Brushless Motors
Comparison between Brushless dc Motor and the Induction Motor
Design of Low-Power dc Motors
Shunt-Wound dc Motors
Series-Wound dc Motors
Compound Wound dc Motor
Permanent Magnet dc Motors
Applications: Fans, Blowers, Pumps
Design Issues Related to the dc Distribution Bus
Motor Design: Inertia Matching
Motor Design: Torque Requirements
Ultrasonic Motors (Piezoelectric Motors)
Principle
Control and Optimization
Conclusion
References
Power Integrated Circuits
Integrated-Circuit Technologies
Architecture of Analog or Mixed-Mode Power IC
Example of Disruptive Innovation—PWM Control Chip
Flyback PWM Controller IC for Isolated Power Supplies
Three-Phase Power MOSFET Controller
High-Voltage Gate Drivers for High-Voltage Propulsion Drives
IC Design Considerations
Power MOSFET Used within Integrated Circuits
Power Diode
Gate Driver
Band Gap Reference
PWM Generator
Current Sensor
Auxiliary Protection Circuitry
Soft-Start Circuitry
I/O Connections
Digital IC Solutions
Conclusion
References
Propulsion Systems
Propulsion Architecture
Induction Motor Drive—Converter System
Brushless dc Motor Drive
Switched Reluctance Motor Drive
High-Voltage Energy Storage
Conclusion
References
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