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Fingerprints:Analysis and Understanding the Science

I: Fingerprint Analysis The History of Fingerprints Outline of the History of Fingerprints Early Cases Resulting in the Acceptance of Fingerprints Early Nonsystematic Methods of Identification Study Questions Systematic Methods of Identification Bertillonage Fingerprints Definitions Associated with Fingerprints Fingerprint Patterns and Ridge Characteristics More Fingerprint Definitions Study Questions Fingerprint Pattern Types and Associated Terminology Loop Pattern Loop Ridge Counting Radial and Ulnar Loops Other Issues Pertaining to Loops Plain Arch and Tented Arch Patterns The Plain Arch The Whorl Pattern Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl Ridge Tracing and Counting Whorl Patterns The Palm Print Study Questions Henry with FBI Extension Ridge Count Conversion Conversion Chart for Ridge Counts Referencing Filing Sequence NCIC Classification System IAFIS Other Fingerprint Systems (Manual Methods or Systems)Study Questions II: Development, Identification, and Presentation of Fingerprints Known/Direct/Inked Fingerprints: Processing Techniques for Unknown/Latent Fingerprints Known Fingerprints Manual Method Unknown Fingerprints (Commonly Referred to as Latent Prints)Conditions Affecting Latent Prints The Crime Scene Search and Fingerprint Development Fingerprint Development Techniques (see Appendix A)Powder Techniques Chemical Techniques Fluorescent Powders Cyanoacrylate Ester Fuming or Tenting Method CAE Wand Method Iodine Fuming Fuming Gun Fuming Cabinet Ninhydrin Method DFO (1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one)/PD (Physical Developer),2-Indanedione Reagent MBD Nile Red Dye Stain Oil Red O (ORO)R.A.M. Dye Stain—Rhodamine, Ardox, and MBD Rhodamine Ardrox Dye Stain—Alcoholic Premix Ardrox Dye Stain—Aqueous Premix Basic Yellow 40 Dye Stain Crystal Violet (Gentian Violet)Sticky Side Powder®Analogs That React with Blood Coomassie Blue Sudan Black Blue Star Fluorescein Fingerprint Comparison and Identification Study Questions Court Preparation and Presentation Preparation of the Exhibit Courtroom Etiquette Qualifying the Expert Witness Courtroom Testimony Presentation of the Exhibit The historic case that allowed fingerprint evidence in the courtroom (People v. Jennings, 1911)Review Challenges to the Science of Fingerprints Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 702 Study Questions Appendix A: Techniques/Developers Appendix B:Protocol for Preliminary Examination Expert Fingerprint Testimony—Preliminary Examination Expert Fingerprint Testimony—Jury Trial Appendix C:Fingerprint Examination Report Bibliography Glossary

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