Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe - Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe -

Europe: a continent shaped by conspiracy theories?Conspiratorial self-identification in a tension between internal dissolution and external threat: a model Note References THE NEW EUROPEAN ORDER? EUROSCEPTICISM AND CONSPIRACY BELIEF Conspiracies about the European Union Conspiracy belief and Anti-EU attitudes among populists and the extreme right Euroscepticism and conspiracy belief Discussion References THE EURABIA CONSPIRACY THEORY The Great Replacement The Eurabia literature Early examples Anti-immigration /11 The Syrian War and the refugee crisis Moving east France and the identitarians Brexit and the United Kingdom Violent turn Manifestation of the Eurabia conspiracy theory Note References METAPHORS OF INVASION Imagining Europe as endangered by Islamisation Metaphors and discourses on the invasion of Islam: between the discourse of hate and the discourse of fear Metaphors, conspiracy theories and the threats of Islamisation The demographic invasion: from warrior arrival to prolific settlement The invasion of culture and identities: the rejection of multicultural policies Religious invasion, Islam and barbarism Political invasion, freedoms, women and insecurity The economic invasion, the burden of immigration and 'We first'The discourse of hatred, virality and the amplification of the theory of Islamisation Towards a path without hate Notes References DER GROSSE AUSTAUSCH Conspiratorial frames of terrorist violence in Germany Conspiratorial frames of terrorist violence Theoretical considerations Selection of sources and methodological approaches Introducing Camus to the German-speaking audience Replacement ideas in the terrorist manifestos of Balliet and Rathjen Conspiracy theories and radical meaning-making Notes References DENYING THE GEOPOLITICAL REALITY The case of the German 'Reich Citizens'Core theories of the Reich Citizens Legal arguments against the existence of the FRG Two different types of Reich Citizens Reactionary Reich Citizens Individualistic Reich Citizens Discussion Notes References THE FOURTH REICH IN EUROPE Conspiracy theories about Germany in the Greek press during the economic crisis POPULIST CONSPIRACY RHETORIC AND ARGUMENTS ON EU IMMIGRATION An exploratory analysis of pro-Brexit newspapers The mainstreaming of conspiracy theories in the traditional news media The Brexit context and conspiracy theory resonance The British loss of sovereignty to the European Union Britain affected by EU enlargement (and other) policies EU and pro-EU British institutional actors versus British ordinary citizens Conclusions Notes References THE ETERNAL GEORGE SOROS The rise of an antisemitic and Islamophobic conspiracy theory Who is Soros?The 'Soros plan' and the 2015 'refugee crisis'Dog-whistle politics The international antisemites Notes References EU-RELATED CONSPIRACY THEORIES IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Gravitating between rejecting and embracing Europe through Eurovilification and Eurofundamentalism Linking Euroscepticism to Eurovilification and Europhilia to Eurofundamentalism An overview of EU integration in the Western Balkans Long-term oscillations between Eurofundamentalism and Eurovilification in Croatia (1990-2020)Condensed history of Eurovilification and Eurofundamentalism in North Macedonia (2005-2020)Intergroup processes in function of Eurovilifying and Eurofundamentalist discourses Conclusions Notes References THE BRUSSELS CONSPIRACY Narratives of EU-related conspiracy theories in pro-Kremlin Media Analysis of conspiracy narratives about the EU in pro-Kremlin media What turns these four narratives into narratives of conspiracy?How do the narratives produce identities and demarcate social lines (of 'us' versus 'them')?What political action do the narratives prescribe to the readers, directly and indirectly?References A CULTURE OF FEAR The decline of Europe in Russian political imagination Fear and insecurity in the age of conspiracy Conspiratorial image-building in reinforcing radical populism in the post-truth world Declining Europe and the migration crisis Conclusions References UNLOCKING THE 'BLACK BOX' OF CONSPIRACY THEORIES IN AND ABOUT EUROPE The 'black box' of conspiracy theories Mainstreaming of extreme positions in the media The populist nostalgia of Hobbesian security Absolute power, absolute weakness: the modern political myth of Europe The new and contradictory politics of fear: realignments and reactions References