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Crime and Intelligence Analysis: An Integrated Real-Time Approach
What You’ll Find in This Book
I Crime and the Twenty-First Century
Outline
The Crime Problem
Learning Objectives for Chapter 1
Introduction
Is There a Crime Problem in the United States?
Analyzing the Crime Problem
This Book Is an Introduction to Crime Analysis
Definitions of Terms and Concepts
Technology and Crime
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
What Do We Know about Crime?
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 2
Introduction
How Is Crime Measured?
Reporting on the Amount of Crime
Uniform Crime Reports
Changes in UCR
Where Do the Statistics for the UCR Program Come From?
UCR and Violent Crime
UCR and Property Crime
UCR and Clearances
UCR and Arrest Rates
Drawbacks of the UCR Program
Results from the UCR Program
National Incident-Based Reporting System
Beyond the UCR Program
National Crime Victimization Survey
Strengths and Drawbacks of the NCVS
Results of the NCVS
Self-Report Data
Results of Self-Report Studies
Drawbacks of Self-Report Measures
Comparing the Results of the UCR Program, the NCVS, and Self-Report Measures
Viewing Crime through the Prism of Statistics
Utilizing Statistics as a Form of Accountability: CompStat
The Crime Analyst and Statistics
Statistical Data and Law Enforcement: From Incident to Evaluation
Process of Data Collection and Storage
Computer-Aided Dispatch
Records Management System
Geographic Data System: ArcGIS
Working the Collected Data Using Data Sets
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
What Causes People to Commit Crimes?
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 3
Theories about the Origins of Crime
Early Theories
Classical Theories
Biological Theories
The Positivists
Psychoanalysis and Psychology
Other Psychological Theories
Sociological Explanations
Is It Nature or Nurture?
Which Theory or Theories Work Best for the Crime Analyst?
What Use Does the Tactical Crime Analyst Have for Criminological Theories?
The Standard Model
Community Policing
Broken Windows Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing
Intelligence-Led Policing
Modus Operandi of the Criminal Offender
Why Do We Still Have Crime?
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
II Law Enforcement—Then and Now
The Police and Law Enforcement: It’s Come a Long Way
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 4
Introduction
Law Enforcement Response to Crimes
Do State or Federal Law Enforcement Officers Respond?
How Did Our Dual System of Policing Evolve?
The First Police Departments
Transitional Policing
Research on Policing and the Prevention of Crime
How Reports or Complaints of Crime Get to Police Officers
The 911 Emergency System
Enhanced 911
CAD
Next Generation 911
Role of Police Officers Today
Patrol Function
Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance
Traffic Enforcement Functions
Criminal Investigations
Investigative Process
The Investigator
Eras of Police Reform Leading to Change
CompStat
Policing in the 2000s
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Police Investigations in the Twenty-First Century
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 5
Introduction
Rules of Procedure in Collecting Evidence
Search and Seizure
Stop and Frisk
Procedural Law
Rules of Evidence
Exclusionary Rule
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
Exceptions to the Search Warrant Rule
Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
Plain-View Searches
Consent to Search
Exigent Circumstances
Search of an Automobile
Search of a Person: The Pat-Down Search
Public Safety Exceptions
Good Faith Exception
Interrogation of Suspects
Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
III Intelligence and Intelligence Analysis
An Introduction to Intelligence
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 6
Introduction
Criminal Investigations
How Investigations Are Carried Out
Follow-Up Investigation
Evidence
Direct and Circumstantial Evidence
Basic Investigative Leads and Informants
The Crime Analyst and Police Investigations
Confidential Informants
Role of Databases in Investigations
Intelligence Reports
Criminal Profiles
Geographical Profiling
Time–Event Charting and Link Analysis
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Intelligence and the Tactical Analyst
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 7
Introduction
Real-Time Crime Centers
Intelligence Process
Five-Step Intelligence Process
The Intelligence Analyst
Analyst Responsibilities
Intelligence-Led Policing
Intelligence and the Terrorist Threat
Intelligence: Post-9/11
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Collecting Intelligence
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 8
Introduction
Interplay between the Intelligence Analyst and the Criminal Investigator
Sources of Information
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Data Mining and Analyzing Intelligence
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 9
Introduction
What Is Data Mining?
How Does Data Mining Work?
Computer-Based Transaction Processing
Role of Information Technology and Transaction Processing
Analytical Systems
Software Available for Data Mining in Criminal Justice
Statistical
Machine Learning
Neural Network
What Kinds of Relationships Can Data Mining Software Reveal?
Entity Extractions
Clusters
Associations
Sequential
Summing Up
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
IV Crime Analysis
History and Types of Crime Analysis
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 10
Introduction
Classification of Crime Analysis
Tactical Crime Analysis
Goals of Tactical Crime Analysis
The Tactical Crime Analyst Working in Real Time
Tactical Analysis, Crisis Management, and Negotiation
What the Tactical Analyst Needs to Understand
Crisis Management Protocol
Tactical Analyst Training Is Crucial
Hostage/Crisis Negotiator
Tactical Analyst in a Crisis Situation
Training of the Tactical Crime Analyst
Mutual Understanding
Strategic Crime Analysis
Goals of Strategic Crime Analysis
Administrative Crime Analysis
Examples of Administrative Crime Analysis
Police Operations Analysis
Four Types of Crime Analysis
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Tactical Crime Analysis
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 11
Introduction
Identifying Emerging Crime Patterns
Standards and Definitions Related to Crime Patterns
What Is a Crime Pattern?
What a Crime Pattern Is Not
Crime Pattern Types
The Crime Analyst’s Task in Identifying Emerging Crime Patterns
Carefully Analyzing the Crime Pattern
Notify the Police Department about the Identified Pattern
Work with the Police to Address the Crime Pattern
Tools for Analyst Communication
Providing Actionable Information
Getting Analysts out of the Office
Array of Tactics and Strategies
Encouraging Initiative throughout the Police Department
The Ideal Is a Formal Response Process
Process of Investigation: Pattern Crime Investigations
Pattern Investigation
Using Analytical Results for Product Development
Crime Summary
Commonalities
Incident Details
Photos
Map
Contact Information
Purpose of the Finished Product
Example of an Analytical Pattern Product
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Tactical Crime Analysis and Hot Spots Policing
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 12
Introduction
Crime Hot Spot Theories
Routine Activities Theory
Crime Pattern Theory
A Theory of Crime Places
Routine Activities Theory
Situational Crime Prevention Theory
Broken Windows Theory
Crime Opportunity Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Crime Pattern Theory
How Are Hot Spots Identified?
Maps and Geographic Information Systems
Different Kinds of Maps Generated by GIS
Dot Map
Line Maps
Ellipse and Choropleth Maps
Grid Thematic Mapping
Kernel Density Estimation
Polygon Map
Hot Streets
Hot Areas
Standard Deviation Analysis
Grid Cell Mapping Analysis
Kernel Density Interpolation
Statistical Testing for Hot Spots
Point Pattern Analysis
Tests for Clustering
Global Statistical Tests
What Is Hot Spots Policing?
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Strategic Crime Analysis
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 13
Introduction
Focus in Strategic Crime Analysis
Long-Range Perspective of Strategic Crime Analysis
Crime Trends Analyzed by Strategic Crime Analysis
Data that Strategic Crime Analysts Examine
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
Qualitative Methods
Field Research
Content Analysis
Interviews
Surveys
Focus Groups
Environmental Assessment
After Identifying Crime Trends, then What?
Recommendations for Crime Trend Solutions
Using the Problem Analysis Triangle
Formulating Hypotheses
Final Report
Writing and Distributing Reports
Final Goal of Crime Analysis
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Understanding Threat Assessment Methodologies and the Role of the Analyst
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 14
The Scope of the Problem
The Usual Response to Mass Shootings and Violence
Risk Factor Approach
A Threat Assessment
History of Threat Assessments
The Four-Pronged Assessment Approach
Risk Identification
What We Know about School Shooters
Is Violent Media to Blame?
The Role of Victims in School Violence Incidents
The Threat Assessment Strategy as a Management Process
Violence Prediction and Psychological Constructs of Violence
Applying the Biopsychosocial Model to Prevent Violence
Understanding the Pathway to Targeted Violence as an Analytical Tool
Threat Assessments and the Crime Analyst: Cautionary Note
Conclusion
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Administrative Crime Analysis
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 15
Introduction
Why Is It Called Administrative Crime Analysis?
Are there Areas of Administrative Crime Analysis that Have Little to Do with Analysis?
What Reports Do Administrative Crime Analysts Present?
Administrative Crime Analysis: Low-Priority Analysis?
How Administrative Crime Analysts Gather Data
Crime Mapping and Administrative Crime Analysis
Using the Internet
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
Outline
Police Operations Crime Analysis
Learning Objectives for Chapter 16
Introduction
What Techniques and Methods Are Used by Operations Analysis?
What Kinds of Recommendations Do Operations Analysts Make?
Examples of Recommendations
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
V Crime Analysis and the Future
Crime Analysis and the Future of Policing
Outline
Learning Objectives for Chapter 17
Introduction
The Need for Crime Analysts
What Makes a Good Crime Analyst?
Crime Analyst Qualifications and Job Descriptions
Education for Crime Analysts
Where to Go for More Information about Crime Analyst Jobs
Technology and the Future of Policing
Challenges to Integrating Crime Analysis into Policing
Questions for Discussion
Important Terms
Study Guide Questions
References
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