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Emerging Pathogens at the Poles: Disease and International Trade Law

Trading in disease at the poles: The animal product in trade THE ANIMAL PRODUCT IN TRADE International trade and the SPS protocol Animals and animal products as tradable products Commodity versus product, animals as goods Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP): Trade into and out of the Arctic and Antarctic Trade into the Arctic and Antarctic Trade out of the Arctic and Antarctic Trade within the borders Use of Article 6: Measures for endemic areas Emerging pathogeneses at the poles GENETIC PHYLOGENY AT THE POLES Emerging pathogeneses of the Arctic Antigenic variation in situ Virulence factors Animal susceptibility Breaking the Arctic faunal barrier Emerging pathogens of the Antarctic Antigenic variation in situ Virulence factors Animal susceptibility Influences on emerging pathogens at the poles: Epidemiology of infectious disease Climate shift Migrating animal species: Carriers, hosts, and vectors Ballast water from ships Fomite transfer and increased human activity Land use change Failure of harmonisation of food safety standards ZOONOSES IN THE ARCTIC zoonoses in the arctic Applying the SPS protocol SETTING THE STANDARDS: FOOD AND SAFETY STANDARDS FOR IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION International legal and policy instruments STANDARDS ASSESSMENT: NAÏVE ENVIRONMENT OF THE POLES Article 6: Endemism in the context of the poles Articles 6.1 and 6.2 Article 6.3 Necessary evidence Likely to remain so Article 2: The right to restrict trade Article 2.1 Article 2.2 To the extent necessary Based on scientific principles and maintained with sufficient scientific evidence Article 2.2 and Article 5.7 Article 2.2 and Articles 5.1, 5.2 Article 2.2 and Article 5.6 Article 2.3 Not arbitrary or unjustifiably discriminatory Mexican avocados case Article 2.4: Understanding the exception under GATT Article XX (b)Article 5: Risk assessment, control and inspection Article 5.1 Article 5.2 Article 5.3 Article 5.4 Article 5.5 Article 5.6 Article 5.7 Article 5.8 RETURNING TO STANDARD-SETTING FOR THE ENDEMIC POLES A principled approach to technical trade barriers: Using a precautionary approach Returning to standard setting under the SPS Agreement Article 3: Using stricter protocols – The problems with scientific evidence, technical knowledge and non-equivalence Article 3.2 Article 3.3 The issue of delay Regional versus international standards TBT Agreement PSI Agreement Article 4: The problem with equivalence Cooperation and governance GLOBAL HEALTH STRATEGY Global health governance, infectious disease and sovereignty: Cooperation problems Who’s Responsible? The issue of jurisdiction Governance of the Arctic: Does the SPS have a role?Governance of the Antarctic: Can the SPS have a role?Surveillance systems for protection against pathogen importation in the Arctic and Antarctic

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