Science, Freedom, Democracy - Science, Freedom, Democracy -

I: Academic Freedom and Other Values in Science and Society Michael Polanyi’s Post-Critical Philosophical Vision of Science and Society Introduction Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: A Brief Overview of Polanyi’s Life and Thought Primary Social Values and Practices Required for the Flourishing of the Scientific Enterprise and a Modern Society Shaped by Science Political Philosophy: Polanyi’s Middle Position Deeper Roots of Social Order Polanyi’s General Models of Modern Social Order Democracy, Law, and Public Liberty Problems of the Modern Mind: The Coupling of Skepticism and Moral Passion Re-conceiving Knowing, Scientific Knowledge, and Scientific Practice Polanyi’s Comprehensive Vision of Science and Society Notes References The Ethos of Science and Central Planning: Merton and Michael Polanyi on the Autonomy of Science Introduction Merton and Polanyi: Their Intellectual Relationship and Parallels in their Views Merton on the Values and Autonomy of Science Polanyi’s Case Against Totalitarianism and the Central Planning of Science Polanyi’s Vision of Free Society: Its Problems and Contemporary Relevance Conclusions Notes References Scientific Freedom and Social Responsibility Introduction Freedom vs. Responsibility (1945-2000)Freedom with Responsibility Making it Work in Practice Conclusions Notes References Bacon’s Promise The Promise A Peek at the Way Science Has Been A Peek at the Way Science Can Be The Take-Home Message Notes References II:Democracy and Citizen Participation in Science Which Science, Which Democracy, and Which Freedom?Introduction Which Science?Which Democracy?Which Freedom?Notes References Participatory Democracy and Multi-strategic Research Introduction Representative Democracy and Decontextualizing Research Representative Democracy Science in Representative Democracies Weakened Democratic Institutions and Commercially Oriented Technoscience The Importance of Multi-strategic Research Participatory Democracy and Multi-strategic Research Concluding Remarks Notes References Public Opinion, Democratic Legitimacy, and Epistemic Compromise Introduction Epistemic Vulnerability and Epistemic Exploitation SEE and Democratic Legitimacy Mitigating SEE in Liberal Institutions Conclusion Notes III: Freedom and Pluralism in Scientific Methodology and Values Are Transparency and Representativeness of Values Hampering Scientific Pluralism?Introduction Scrutinizing Elliott’s First Condition: Transparency The Transparency Condition in General The Transparency Condition in Political Science Concerns about the Transparency Condition Social-Epistemic Practices and the Hampering of Scientific Pluralism: Ensuring Important Questions Can Be Addressed Scrutinizing Elliott’s Second Condition: Representativeness General Questions about the Representativeness Condition The Representativeness Condition in the Social Sciences Social Epistemic Practices and the Hampering of Scientific Pluralism: (Epistemically) Productive Interaction between Approaches Democratic Models of Scientific Pluralism The Importance of Agonistic Channels Scientific Pluralism and Agonism in Political Science Conclusion Notes References Max Weber’s Value Judgment and the Problem of Science Policy Making Introduction Levels of Evaluation Values as the Method and Subject of Scientific Inquiry Practical Value Judgments Three Dimensions of Science as Vocation Models of Science Policy Making Concluding Remarks Notes References List of contributors