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Science, Freedom, Democracy
I: Academic Freedom and Other Values in Science and Society
Michael Polanyi’s Post-Critical Philosophical Vision of Science and Society
Introduction
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: A Brief Overview of Polanyi’s Life and Thought
Primary Social Values and Practices Required for the Flourishing of the Scientific Enterprise and a Modern Society Shaped by Science
Political Philosophy: Polanyi’s Middle Position
Deeper Roots of Social Order
Polanyi’s General Models of Modern Social Order
Democracy, Law, and Public Liberty
Problems of the Modern Mind: The Coupling of Skepticism and Moral Passion
Re-conceiving Knowing, Scientific Knowledge, and Scientific Practice
Polanyi’s Comprehensive Vision of Science and Society
Notes
References
The Ethos of Science and Central Planning: Merton and Michael Polanyi on the Autonomy of Science
Introduction
Merton and Polanyi: Their Intellectual Relationship and Parallels in their Views
Merton on the Values and Autonomy of Science
Polanyi’s Case Against Totalitarianism and the Central Planning of Science
Polanyi’s Vision of Free Society: Its Problems and Contemporary Relevance
Conclusions
Notes
References
Scientific Freedom and Social Responsibility
Introduction
Freedom vs. Responsibility (1945-2000)
Freedom with Responsibility
Making it Work in Practice
Conclusions
Notes
References
Bacon’s Promise
The Promise
A Peek at the Way Science Has Been
A Peek at the Way Science Can Be
The Take-Home Message
Notes
References
II:Democracy and Citizen Participation in Science
Which Science, Which Democracy, and Which Freedom?
Introduction
Which Science?
Which Democracy?
Which Freedom?
Notes
References
Participatory Democracy and Multi-strategic Research
Introduction
Representative Democracy and Decontextualizing Research
Representative Democracy
Science in Representative Democracies
Weakened Democratic Institutions and Commercially Oriented Technoscience
The Importance of Multi-strategic Research
Participatory Democracy and Multi-strategic Research
Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
Public Opinion, Democratic Legitimacy, and Epistemic Compromise
Introduction
Epistemic Vulnerability and Epistemic Exploitation
SEE and Democratic Legitimacy
Mitigating SEE in Liberal Institutions
Conclusion
Notes
III: Freedom and Pluralism in Scientific Methodology and Values
Are Transparency and Representativeness of Values Hampering Scientific Pluralism?
Introduction
Scrutinizing Elliott’s First Condition: Transparency
The Transparency Condition in General
The Transparency Condition in Political Science
Concerns about the Transparency Condition
Social-Epistemic Practices and the Hampering of Scientific Pluralism: Ensuring Important Questions Can Be Addressed
Scrutinizing Elliott’s Second Condition: Representativeness
General Questions about the Representativeness Condition
The Representativeness Condition in the Social Sciences
Social Epistemic Practices and the Hampering of Scientific Pluralism: (Epistemically) Productive Interaction between Approaches
Democratic Models of Scientific Pluralism
The Importance of Agonistic Channels
Scientific Pluralism and Agonism in Political Science
Conclusion
Notes
References
Max Weber’s Value Judgment and the Problem of Science Policy Making
Introduction
Levels of Evaluation
Values as the Method and Subject of Scientific Inquiry
Practical Value Judgments
Three Dimensions of Science as Vocation
Models of Science Policy Making
Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
List of contributors
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