Agricultural Waste: Threats and Technologies for Sustainable Management - Agricultural Waste: Threats and Technologies for Sustainable Management -

Agricultural Waste: Sources, Implications, and Sustainable Management INTRODUCTION WASTES PRODUCED DURING CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES LIVESTOCK WASTE AVAILABILITY OF VEGETABLE AND FRUIT WASTE WASTE FROM AQUACULTURE AGRO INDUSTRIAL WASTE OW MANAGEMENT VERMICOMPOSTING ADSORBENTS IN THE ELIMINATION OF HEAVY METALS MANURE APPLICATION METHANE PRODUCTION BIOFUEL PRODUCTION CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Agricultural Wastes and Its Applications in Plant-Soil Systems INTRODUCTION TYPE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES (AWS)FORESTRY WASTE HORTICULTURE WASTE AGRONOMY WASTE LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND USES OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES COMPOSTING USES AS FUEL CROP RESIDUES (CR) BURNING ON FIELD MULCHING BURIAL OF CROP RESIDUES (CR)USE AS BIOSORBENT BIOCHAR PRODUCTION BIOFUEL PRODUCTION (WASTE TO ENERGY)IMPACTS OF AW ON THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM SUMMARY KEYWORDS REFERENCES Impact of Agriculture on Soil Health INTRODUCTION SOIL HEALTH AND ITS INDICATORS INDICATORS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INDICATORS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS HOW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES EFFECT SOIL HEALTH?PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE IMPACT TILLAGE EROSION SOIL SALINIZATION IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TILLAGE ON SOIL HEALTH CROPPING PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOIL HEALTH SOIL HEALTH AND ORGANIC AMENDMENTS CASE STUDY CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Global Scenario of Remediation Techniques to Combat Pesticide Pollution INTRODUCTION GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS OF PESTICIDES GLOBAL SCENARIO OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USAGE HISTORY OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USAGE CURRENT GLOBAL SCENARIO OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USAGE SCENARIO OF PESTICIDES PRODUCTION AND USAGE IN INDIA SELECTION OF REMEDIATION TECHNIQUE THROUGH SCREENING APPROACHES GLOBAL SCENARIO OF PESTICIDE REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES PHYSICO-CHEMICAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATED REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES NOVEL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION ECONOMICS OF GLOBAL REMEDIATION SECTOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Woodchip Bioreactors for Nitrate Removal in Agricultural Land Drainage INTRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE BIO-FILTER MEDIA SOLID CARBON SOURCE USE FOR ENHANCED DENITRIFICATION TREATMENT PERFORMANCE FACTORS HYDRAULICS AND RETENTION TEMPERATURE MICROBIOLOGY DESIGN OF BIOREACTOR CONCLUSIONS KEYWORDS REFERENCES Biocontrol Agents in Organic Agriculture INTRODUCTION BIO-CONTROL AGENTS PREDATOR PARASITOID PATHOGENS ROLE OF VARIOUS ORGANISMS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS BACTERIA BACULOVIRUSES ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI NEMATODES MODE OF ACTION OF BIO CONTROL AGENTS ANTIBIOSIS HYPERPARASITISM/MYCOPARASITISM COMPETITION PRODUCTION OF LYTIC ENZYMES INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES The Science of Vermicomposting for Sustainable Development INTRODUCTION CONCEPT OF VERMICOMPOSTING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR AEROBIC COMPOSTING NUTRITIONAL FACTOR PARTICLE SIZE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TEMPERATURE pH MOISTURE CONTENT AERATION RATES NUTRITIOUS FOOD ACTIVE ORGANISMS RAPID COMPOSTING METHODS PHOSPHOSULPHONITRO COMPOST EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM BASED PRODUCTION PROCESS THE TECHNIQUE OF COMPOSTING COMPOST AND ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUBSTANCES THAT COULD BE COMPOSTED MARKETS FOR COMPOST USES CO-COMPOSTING VERMICOMPOSTING METHODS OF VERMICOMPOSTING RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR THE PROCESS OF VERMICOMPOSTING CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Consolidation of Green Chemistry into Biorefineries: A Pavement for Green and Sustainable Products INTRODUCTION INTEGRATED FARM-BASED BIOREFINERY (IFBBR)INTEGRATED SCHEME FOR GREEN BIOMASS EXPLOITATION FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND YIELD OUT OF A GREEN BIO-REFINERY OUTLOOK OF IFBBR KEYWORDS REFERENCES Microbial Interventions and Biochemistry Pathways for Degradation of Agricultural Waste INTRODUCTION AEROBIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MIXED DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS FROM PERSISTENT ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL WASTE CATABOLIC PATHWAYS (CATABOLISM OR ENERGY METABOLISM)ANABOLIC PATHWAYS (ANABOLISM OR METABOLISM OF ASSIMILATION OR BIOSYNTHESIS)PARTICULARITIES SPECIFIC TO MICROBIAL METABOLISM DECONTAMINATION BY THE BIODEGRADATION OF SOIL ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN THE CARBON CYCLE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTO SOIL MICROFLORA OF ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION BIOCHEMISTRY OF DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDED TO SOIL CELLULOSE DECOMPOSITION HEMICELLULOSES DECOMPOSITION DEPOLYMERIZATION OF PECTIC SUBSTANCES UNDER THE ACTION OF LYSES STARCH DECOMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION OF VEGETAL GUMS DECOMPOSITION OF CHITIN LIGNIN DECOMPOSITION LIPID DECOMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS DECOMPOSITION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS DECOMPOSITION OF PHENOLS, AROMATIC ACIDS PESTICIDES DECOMPOSITION THE NITROGEN CYCLES BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN DECOMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING LIPIDS DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN CARBOHYDRATE DECOMPOSITION OF CALCIUM CYANAMIDE DECOMPOSITION OF ALKALOIDS AMMONIA TRANSFORMATIONS BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC WASTE AND RESIDUES: THE ISSUE OF DIOXINS THE IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE BIODEGRADATION (STABILIZATION) OF ORGANIC WASTE AND RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY OF BIODEGRADATION THE MAIN METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC WASTE BIOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MATTER DEGRADATION PRIMARY WASTE TRANSFORMATIONS: MOBILIZATION (DEGRADATION, DECOMPOSITION) OF THE SUBSTRATE SECONDARY TRANSFORMATION OF WASTE BIOMASS TRANSFORMATIONS CONTROLLED BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC WASTE BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR COMPOSTING BIOTECHNOLOGY OF COMPOSTING IN THE HOUSEHOLD SYSTEM CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KEYWORDS REFERENCES Values of Biofertilizers INTRODUCTION BIOFERTILIZER: THE NEED OF THE HOUR IN AGRICULTURE CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFERTILIZERS APPLICATION OF BIOFERTILIZERS TO THE CROPS VALUES OF BIOFERTILIZERS COST-EFFECTIVE AND EASY APPLICATION TECHNIQUES BIOFERTILIZERS ENHANCE 15-35% YIELD BIOFERTILIZERS PROVIDE NITROGEN AND GROWTH HORMONES TO THE PLANTS BIOFERTILIZERS ENHANCE SOIL FERTILITY AND ARE POLLUTION FREE ANTIBIOTIC SECRETION AND PESTICIDE BIOFERTILIZERS IMPROVE THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL BIOFERTILIZERS ENHANCE PRODUCTION DURING POOR IRRIGATION BIOFERTILIZERS ARE ECO-FRIENDLY CONSTRAINTS IN BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS STRAINS FOR PRODUCTION TECHNICAL PERSONNEL QUALITY PRODUCTION UNITS QUALITY OF CARRIER MATERIAL INOCULANT QUALITY INOCULANT SHELF-LIFE INFRASTRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES QUALITY CONSTRAINTS AND HUMAN RESOURCES COMPETENCE OF THE STAFF EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING IN BIOFERTILIZERS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS AND QUICK QUALITY CONTROL METHODS REGULATION TIPS TO GET GOOD RESPONSE TO BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATION PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE WHILE USING BIOFERTILIZERS ADVANTAGES OF USING BIOFERTILIZERS CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Alternatives to Synthetic Fertilizers INTRODUCTION BIOCHAR COMPOST MANURES EGGSHELLS WOOD ASH GREEN MANURING BAGASSE SLURRY PRESS MUD BIOFERTILIZERS MULCHING STRAWMULCH WOOD CHIPS BIOSOLIDS BONE MEAL COTTONSEED MEAL ALFALFA PELLETS FISH EMULSIONS BAT GUANO CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Mushroom Cultivation Technology for Conversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes into Useful Products INTRODUCTION BENEFICIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION ON THE AGRO INDUSTRIAL WASTES RESTORATION OF DAMAGED ENVIRONMENT BIODEGRADATION BIOSORPTION CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES An Essay on Some Biotechnological Interventions in Agricultural Waste Management INTRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR CONVERSION OF ENERGY THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS PRETREATMENT HYDROLYSIS FERMENTATION BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD)AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS AS AN OPTIMIZED CARBON SOURCE SOLID STATE FERMENTATION (SSF)SUBMERGED FERMENTATION (SMF)PRODUCTION OF XYLOOLIGOSACCHRIDES (XOS) FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT KEYWORDS REFERENCES Bioremediation Technologies for the Management of Agricultural Waste INTRODUCTION BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN BIOREMEDIATION IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION (ISB)ACCELERATED "IN-SITU" BIOREMEDIATION ADVANTAGES OF ACCELERATED IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION (ISB)RESTRICTIONS OF ACCELERATED IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION (EB)MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION (INTRINSIC BIOREMEDIATION)MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION BIOAERATION PHYTOREMEDIATION RHIZODEGRADATION PHYTOEXTRACTION PHYTODEGRADATION PHYTOSTABILIZATION PHYTOVOLATILIZATION PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOREMEDIATION BIOREMEDIATION AS A BUSINESS EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOIL TREATMENT BY BIOREMEDIATION BIOVENTILATION BIOAUGMENTATION SOIL PHYTOREMEDIATION SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOREMEDIATION BIOPILES COMPOSTING CULTIVATION OF THE LAND CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KEYWORDS REFERENCES