Advances in Clean Energy: Production and Application - Advances in Clean Energy: Production and Application -

Global Energy Sources and Present Energy Scenario Introduction Brief History of Fossil Fuels Coal Petrol and Diesel Natural Gas Other Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Sources – Biomass What Is Biomass?Biomass Feedstocks Edible Crops Non-Edible Crops Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste Global Energy Needs – Present and Future Indian Energy Needs – Present and Future Climate Change Conclusion References Biodiesel Production Techniques – The State of the Art Introduction Catalyst in Transesterification Homogeneous Catalyst Acid Catalyst Base Catalyst Heterogeneous Catalyst Acid Catalyst Base Catalyst Enzymatic Catalyst Co-Solvent Transesterification Microwave-Assisted Transesterification Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification Non-Catalytic Supercritical Methanol Transesterification Purification of Biodiesel Conclusion References Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel Introduction Acid Value Saponification Value Iodine Value Cetane Number Cloud and Pour Point Cold Filter Plugging Point Kinematic Viscosity Density Carbon Residue Copper Strip Corrosion Flash and Fire Point Sulfur Content Metal Content Methanol Content Phosphorus Content Free Glycerol and Total Glycerin Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides Ester Content Lubricity Oxidation Stability Thermal Behavior Conclusion References Effect of Biodiesel and Additives on Diesel Engine Efficiency and Emission Introduction Metal Additives and Their Drawbacks Lower Alcohol Additives Higher Alcohol Additives Conclusion References Recent Advanced Injection Strategy on Biodiesel Combustion Introduction Single Injection on CRDI-Assisted Diesel Engine Split Injection Strategy Multiple Injection Strategy Combination of Split Injection and EGR on Biodiesel Combustion Conclusion References Low-Temperature Combustion Technology on Biodiesel Combustion Introduction History and Different Methods Used for Emission Reduction Blending with Diesel Exhaust Gas Recirculation System Water Injection Emulsion Technology Combustion Geometry Modification Different Nozzle Opening Pressure and Timing Effect of Fuel Injection Timing Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure (FIP) or Nozzle Opening Pressure (NOP)Influence of Fuel Injection Timing and Fuel Injection Pressure (FIP) on the Spray Characteristics Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC)Different Methods for Attaining LTC Importance of Advanced Injection Strategy in the LTC Effect of Higher Injection Pressure in the Electronic Injection Strategy Effect of Split Injection Strategy Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI)Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PPCI)Reactive Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)A Fundamental Concept of RCCI Importance of Fuel Reactivity Low Reactive Fuel Management Biofuels Used in the RCCI Combustion Single-Fuel RCCI Combustion Low-Temperature Combustion Advantages and Challenges High-Efficiency Clean Combustion Conclusion References Solid Waste Management Introduction Waste Quantities and Characterization Storage and Collection of Solid Wastes Facilities for Materials Recovery and Recycling Health and Safety Risks Environmental Pollution Different Technologies for Solid Waste Management Future Solid Waste Management Policy Conclusion References Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Analytical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass Introduction Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks Available for Energy Purposes Choice of Pre-Treatment Based on Biomass Types Physicochemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Engineering Applications Density Flowability Particle Size Moisture Sorption Thermal Properties Chemical Properties Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis Energy Content Compositional Analysis An Assessment of the Sustainability of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biorefining Lignocellulosic Feedstocks for Energy and Economic Sustainability Biofuels and Food Security Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Biofuels Conclusions References Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion into Second- and Third-Generation Biofuels Introduction Energy Security and Greenhouse Emission vs Biofuel Bioenergy around the Globe Biomass Gasification Gasification Chemistry Gasifying Medium Equivalence Ratio Gasifier Temperature Gasifier Design Fixed Bed Gasifiers Updraft Gasifier The Calculation for Reactor Diameter (D)The Calculation for Height (H)The Calculation for Airflow Rate (AFR)Downdraft Gasifier Cross Draft Gasifier Fluidized Bed Gasifier Gas Cleaning and Cooling Cleaning Dust from the Gas Tar Cracking Alcohol Production Thermodynamics of Bio-Methanol Synthesis Unique Higher Alcohol Synthesis Application of Biofuel in Fuel Cells LCA on Biofuel Production Conclusion References The Microbiology Associated with Biogas Production Process Introduction The Microbiology Associated with the Biogas Production Process Functioning and Growth of Microorganisms Environmental Factors Breakdown of Organic Compounds The Importance of Technology to Microbiology Start-Up of a Biogas Process Process Design Important Operating Parameters Substrates Toxicity Monitoring and Evaluation of the Biogas Production Process Monitoring Involved in the Biogas Process Process Efficiency The Digested Residues Conclusion References Current Status and Perspectives of Biogas Upgrading and Utilization Introduction Need for Biogas Upgradation Technologies Involved in Biogas Upgrading Absorption Physical Absorption Method Using Water Scrubbing System Physical Absorption Method Using Organic Solvents Chemical Absorption Method Using Amine Solutions Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)Membrane Separation Cryogenic Separation Process Chemical Hydrogenation Process Chemoautotrophic Methods In situ Biological Biogas Upgrading Ex situ Biological Biogas Upgrading Microbial Communities in Biological Biogas Upgrading Systems Photoautotrophic Methods Biogas Upgrading through Other Fermentation Processes Biogas Upgrading through Microbial Electrochemical Methods Biogas Upgradation Technologies under Development Comparative Analysis of the Various Biogas Upgradation Technologies Future Perspectives on Biogas Upgradation Moving towards Hybrid Upgradation Technologies Utilization of Methane Available in Off-Gas Making Small-Scale Upgrading Plants Economical Support Policies Conclusion References