Ayurveda in the New Millennium: Emerging Roles and Future Challenges - Ayurveda in the New Millennium: Emerging Roles and Future Challenges -

What We Learn from the History of Ayurveda Introduction Learning from Animals Evolution of Medical Systems India’s Gift to the World Dṛḍhabala’s Mission The Legacy of Vāgbhaṭa Ayurveda and Tamil Medicine The Puzzling Dosage Form Arka Interaction between Ayurveda and Islamic Medicine Origin of Greco-Arabic Medicine Indian Influence on Greco-Arabic Medicine Emergence of Ūnāni The Influence of Ayurveda on Ūnāni Development of Khamīra Development of Mā’jun Development of Kuṣṭā Acceptance of New Plants into Formulary How Ayurveda Benefited from Greco-Arabic Medicine Pulse Examination Description of New Disease Entities Snāyukarōga Munnātakhyārōga Vardhma Acceptance of New Plants into Ayurveda Adoption of New Dosage Forms Interest in Ūnāni Some Curiosities in Ayurveda Theory Prabhāva (Special Potency)Gender Bias Futuristic Provisions in Ayurvedic Pathogenesis Omission of Tenets Addition of Explanation Introduction of New Concept Conclusion References Manufacture of Ayurvedic Medicines – Regulatory Aspects Emergence of Regulatory Activity Early Days of the Ayurveda Industry Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 The Schedules The Rules Other Applicable Acts The Pharmacy Act, 1948 The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Rules Act, 1985 The Poisons Act, 1919 The Drugs (Price Control) Order, 1995 The Trade Marks Act, 1999 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 How to Begin Manufacture of Ayurvedic Medicines Licensing Loan License Applying for a Manufacturing License Conditions of License Conditions of Loan License Proof of Effectiveness Classical Formulations Proprietary Formulations Records of Raw Material Used G.M.P. Certification Principles of the Guidelines G.M.P. Guidelines Inspectors for Conducting G.M.P. Inspection Duties of the Inspectors Procedure for Collection of Drug Sample by Inspector Joint Inspection of Testing Laboratories Punishment for Violation of the Act Cancellation or Suspension of Licenses Labeling of Products Shelf Life of Ayurvedic Medicines Good Clinical Practices Regulatory Problems That Require Solution Monitoring of A.Y.U.S.H. G.C.P. Guidelines Revision of First Schedule Regulation of Change in Dosage Form Regulation of Complementary Products Labeling of Products Revision of Schedule E1 Effective Implementation of the Act Conclusion References Industrial Manufacture of Traditional Ayurvedic Medicines Introduction Procurement of Herbal Raw Material Storage of Raw Materials Pre-processing of Raw Materials Cleaning of Herbs Size Reduction of Herbs Analysis of Raw Materials Sources of Medicinal Formulae Standard Operating Procedures Master Formula for Production Manufacture of Various Dosage Forms Kvātha (Decoctions)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Cūrṇa (Medicinal Powders)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Ghṛta and Taila (Medicinal Lipids)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Ariṣṭa and Āsava (Fermented Liquids)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Avalēha (Confections)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Guḷika (Pills)Textual Instructions Industrial Manufacture Lēpa (Paste)Processing of Wastes Vermicomposting Briquetting of Solid Wastes Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Recycling of Wastewater Conclusion References Quality Control of Ayurvedic Medicines Introduction Quality Control Measures in Ancient Times Present State of Quality Control of Ayurvedic Medicines Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Factors That Influence the Quality of Ayurvedic Medicines Good Agricultural and Collection Practices Contamination Contamination with Heavy Metals Contamination with Micro-Organisms Contamination with Pesticides Adulteration and Substitution Content of Bioactives Stability Processing Methods Quality Control Methods Macroscopic Evaluation Microscopic Evaluation Physicochemical Analysis Fingerprinting T.L.C.H.P.L.C.Application of Fingerprint Data Similarity Evaluation of Fingerprints Principal-Component Analysis (P.C.A.)Application of Fingerprinting to Quality Control Detection of Adulterants Authentication of Herbs Quality Control of Finished Formulations Some Problems Related to Quality Control Heavy Metals in Ayurvedic Pills Souring of Ariṣṭa and Āsava Quality of Water Quality of Herbs Use of Appropriate Brewing Vessel Hygienic Design of Brewing Area Disinfection Use of Yeast Temperature Improvised Fermentation Irrational Substitution Conclusion References Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda Introduction Evidence in Favor of Medicinal Uses Acorus calamus L.Sedative Action CNS Depressant Action Anti-Convulsant Action Allium sativum L.Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC Curcuma longa L.Cyperus rotundus L.Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.Glycyrrhiza glabra L.Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam.Piper longum L.Effect on Digestive Efficiency Antibacterial Activity Anti-Inflammatory Activity Anti-Cancer Effect Plumbago zeylanica L.Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Strychnos potatorum L. f.Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schultes Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC) Wight & Arn.Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.TlNOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WlLLD.) MlERS EX HOOK. F. & THOMS In Ethnomedicine Clinical Studies Effects on Immunity Antibacterial Activity Anti-Inflammatory Activity Vitex negundo L.Role of Co-Administered Adjuvants Conclusion References Biological Effects of Ayurvedic Formulations Introduction Ariṣṭa and Āsava (Fermented Liquids)Abhayāriṣṭa Amṛtāriṣṭa Āragvadhāriṣṭa Aśōkāriṣṭa Daśamūlāriṣṭa Drākṣāriṣṭa Jīrakāriṣṭa Kanakāsava Kumāryāsava Pippalyāsava Vāśāriṣṭa Cūrṇa (Powders)Avipattikara Cūrṇa Dāḍimāṣṭaka Cūrṇa Haridrākhaṇḍa Puṣyānuga Cūrṇa Rajanyādi Cūrṇa Rāsnādi Cūrṇa Vaiśvānara Cūrṇa Ghṛta (Medicated Clarified Butter)Aśvagandha Ghṛta Brahmī Ghṛta Jātyādi Ghṛta Kalyāṇaka Ghṛta Mahātiktaka Ghṛta Nārasimha Rasāyana Phala Sarpis Sukumāra Ghṛta Tṛphalā Ghṛta Vidāryādi Ghṛta Guṭika (Pills)Bilvādi Guṭika Chandraprabhā Vaṭi Dhānvantaram Guṭika Kaiśōra Guggulu Kāñcanāra Guggulu Mānasamitra Vaṭaka Kvātha (Decoctions)Amṛtōttaram Kvātha Balāguḷūcyādi Kvātha Daśamūla Kvātha Daśamūla Kaṭutraya Kvātha Dhānvantaram Kvātha Drākṣādi Kvātha Gandharvahastādi Kvātha Mahāmañjiṣṭādi Kvātha Mahārāsnādi Kvātha Nayōpāya Kvātha Paṭōla Kaṭurōhiṇyādi Kvātha Punarnavādi Kvātha Sahacarādi Kvātha Avalēha (Electuaries)Agastya Harītaki Rasāyana Cyavanaprāśa Māṇibhadra Guḍa Bilvādi Lēhya Taila (Medicated Oils)Aṇu Taila Balā Taila Gandharvahastādi Ēraṇḍa Taila Irimēdādi Taila Kṣīrabalā Taila Mahānārāyaṇa Taila Mahāmāṣa Taila Conclusion References Evidence Building in Ayurveda: Generating the New and Optimizing the Old Could Be Strategic Introduction Assembling Evidence in Ayurveda Direct and Indirect Evidence Yukti (Experiment)Āpta (Documented Evidence)Journeying through the Evidence in Ayurveda Evidence Pertaining to the Etiopathogenesis and Disease Presentation Optimizing the Old and Generating the New Evidence Optimizing the Old: Re-Appropriation, Revalidation and Research Synthesis Generating the New: Priority Areas for Clinical Research in Ayurveda Areas of Priority of Clinical Research in Ayurveda Areas Relevant to Contemporary Healthcare Needs Areas Where Ayurveda Has Proven Strength Taking Cues from Clinical Observations Areas of Textual Strength in Ayurveda Areas Important to Establishing Standards in Ayurvedic Clinical Practice Ayurveda in Vulnerable Population Research Designs Needed in Ayurveda Research Designs for Ayurvedic Core Concepts of Clinical Medicine Conclusion References Conservation – A Strategy to Overcome Shortages of Ayurveda Herbs Introduction Flora of India Botanical Profile of Medicinal Plants Distribution of Medicinal Plants in India Biodiversity Hotspots Medicinal Plants in Trade Substitutes and Adulterants Species Traded in High Volume Major Supply Sources Threat Assessment Conservation In Situ Conservation Ex Situ Conservation Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (M.P.C.A.s)Success Stories of Conservation Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari In Situ Conservation Decalepis hamiltonii (Wight & Arn.)In Situ Conservation Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W. J. de Wilde In Situ Conservation Medicinal Plants Development Areas (M.P.D.A.s)Botanic Gardens Seed Banks Cultivation Measurement and Monitoring of Biodiversity Pilot-Scale Measurements GIS System – A Conservation Tool Mapping of Plant Distribution Global and Indian Distribution Maps Regional Distribution Maps Eco-Distribution Maps Sustainable Harvesting Success Story Terminalia chebula Retz.Classical Ways of Conserving Ayurvedic Herbs Conclusion References Lessons to Be Learnt from Ayurveda: Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals from Ayurveda Herbs Introduction History of Medicine and Ayurveda Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals in Ayurveda Chronic Diseases Role of Nutraceuticals in Chronic Diseases Nutraceuticals in Diabetes Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Diseases Nutraceuticals in Neurodegenerative Diseases Nutraceuticals in Inflammatory Diseases Nutraceuticals in Arthritis Nutraceuticals in Obesity Nutraceuticals in Cancer Nutraceuticals in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Ayurveda in Chronic Diseases Ayurveda in Diabetes Ayurveda in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Ayurveda in Cancer Ayurveda in Cardiovascular Disease Ayurveda in Arthritis Ayurveda in Digestive Diseases Cosmeceuticals History of Cosmeceuticals Cosmeceuticals in Ayurveda Important Cosmeceuticals Conclusion References Ayurveda in the West Introduction The Turning Point The Fundamental Problems Lack of Support from the Indian Government Insistence of Indian Government on Basing Western Courses on the B.A.M.S. Syllabus Western Ayurveda Is Driven by Money and Economic Factors vs Educational Priorities Each Western Country Has Different Rules concerning T.M./C.A.M.Definition of What a Practitioner Can Legally Do Therapeutically Definition of Which Therapeutic Procedures Are Legal Definition of Herbs vs Medicine Regulatory Bodies: Self-Regulating vs Government-Regulated Conclusion References Ayurveda Renaissance - Quo Vadis?Introduction Renewed Interest in Ayurveda Theoretical Constructs of Ayurveda Tridōṣa (The Three Vitiators)Dhātu (Tissue Elements)Mathematical Modeling of Tridōṣa Prakṛti (Constitutional Types)Understanding Prakṛti Gene Polymorphism of Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Whole Genome Expression and Biochemical Correlates Genetic Basis of Prakṛti Prakṛti and Variations in Platelet Aggregation Cardiovascular Responses and Prakṛti Autonomic Responses and Prakrti Isotonic Aerobic Exercise and Prakrti DNA Methylation Analysis of Prakrti Groups Immunophenotyping of Prakrti Groups Association of Prakṛti with Diseases Prakrti in Therapeutics Uniform Method for Assessment of Prakṛti Taste and Drug Action Taste Response as Sensory Expression of Pharmacological Activity Role of Taste Preferences in Diagnosis Molecular Basis of Ayurvedic Medicines Problems That Warrant Urgent Attention Botanical Identity of Herbs Identification of Formulae with Lesser Ingredients Discovering New Dosage Forms Substitution of Plant Parts Pharmaceutics of Ayurvedic Medicines Research on Posology Research on Rasaśāstra Objective Way of Teaching Ayurveda Diagnosis of Diseases Clinical Research on Ayurvedic Medicines Conclusion References