Arguing, Reasoning, and Thinking Well - Arguing, Reasoning, and Thinking Well -

: Why Study Argument?“Kiddie” Arguments Arguing as a Developmental Process The Importance of Context and Culture Adult Arguers Aims and Goals of This Book Why Learn About Argumentation?Argumentative Overtures Summary Notes References : Arguing Ethically The Meltdown Argument Is Not a Dirty Word Arguing (In)Competently: Traits and Behaviors of Effective and Ineffective Arguers Goals: Winning Isn’t the Only Thing Final Thoughts: You’ve Got the Power Summary References : Argument Theories, Models, and Definitions Conceptualizing Argument: What Is an Argument Anyway?Theories and Models of Argument Strengths and Limitations of the Toulmin Model Summary Notes References : The Nature of Critical Thinking Dumb and Dumberer Ignorance Versus Stupidity: No Duh!What Is and Isn’t Critical Thinking?Conceptualizing Critical Thinking From Tweeters to Twits? Is Technology Making Us Stupid?Technology May Be Making Us Smarter Summary References : Building Blocks of Argument Don’t Build Your Arguments Out of Straw Claim Spotting: What’s Your Point?Types of Claims: Different Claims for Different Aims Confusing Claims Proof: The Grounds for Arguments Have You Got a Warrant?All-Purpose Warrants Summary Answers to Types of Claims from Box 5.1 References : Evidence and Proof Where’s Your Proof?Prove It to Me Field Dependent and Field Invariant Proof Tests of Evidence Statistical Proof Summary Notes References : Informal Reasoning Ordinary, Everyday Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Defined: Take a Leap Causal Reasoning: But Why?Reasoning by Analogy: Life Is Like a Box of Chocolates Sign Reasoning: If It Walks Like a Duck, and Talks Like a Duck . . .Generalization: White Men Can’t Jump Example: Gimme a For Instance Summary Notes References : Fallacies in Reasoning, Part 1: The “Big Five”When Good Arguments Go Bad Friends or Foes? A Pragmatic Approach to Fallacies The Usual Suspects: The Big Five Summary Notes References : .Fallacies in Reasoning, Part 2 Iffy Assumptions: Fallacies Involving Questionable Premises Diversionary Tactics: Verbal Sleight of Hand Appeals to Emotion: You’re Not Using Your Head Fallacies of Presumption: Shifting the Burden of Proof Fallacies Involving Ambiguity: It’s Not Cheating if You Don’t Remember Summary Notes References Further Reading on Fallacies in Reasoning : Judgment, Decision Making, and Problem Solving A Curious Rule of Thumb (. . . and Fingers)Multiple Choices Rational Models of Decision Making: Tapping into Your Inner Math Geek Heuristics and Biases: Decision-Making Snags A Procedural Approach to Problem Solving and Decision Making: Baby Steps Decision Making in Groups: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?Summary Notes References : Deductive Reasoning Deductive Versus Inductive Reasoning: A Whole Different Animal What Is Formal Logic?Are People Naturally Logical?Cognitive Fitness: Don Your Thinking Cap Deduction in Everyday Life: It’s What the Cool Kids Are Doing Deduction in Specific Fields and Contexts: Putting Logic to Work Validity and Invalidity Syllogistic Reasoning: It’s Only Logical Summary Notes References : Effective Advocacy and Refutation Sorry to Burden You: Argumentative Obligations and Responsibilities Prima Facie Case: The Opening Salvo Burden of Rebuttal: Get Ready to Rumble Arguing about Arguing Case Building: On Solid Ground Invention: Discovering the Issues Stock Issues: Touching All the Bases Value Claims: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Factual Claims: Just the Facts, Ma’am Definitional Claims: War of Words Summary and Conclusion References Appendix: Sample Debate Formats for In-Class Debates Simple Pro–Con Format (For Many Speakers)Oxford Style (Four-Person) Debate Lincoln–Douglas (One-on-One) Debate Author Index Subject Index