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Authoritarian Gravity Centers: A Cross-Regional Study of Authoritarian Promotion and Diffusion
I. Concept
Automatization and its Pull and Push Factors - A Challenge for Comparative Research
Introduction
Conceptualizing Comparative Research on Autocratization: Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Implications
Conceptualizing External Mechanisms: Discussing Autocracy Promotion and Diffusion
The Design of the Inter-Regional Analysis - Structure of the Book
Notes
References
Conceptualizing Authoritarian Gravity Centers Sources and Addressees, Mechanisms and Motives of Authoritarian Pressure and Attraction
Introduction
The International Dimension of Autocratization
Authoritarian Gravity Centres (AGCs): The Concept
AGCs and Regional Hegemons
Motives of AGCs
Modes of Authoritarian Influence
Structural Variables and the Arenas of Interaction
Tracing Promotion and Diffusion
Conclusion
Notes
References
II. Empirical Studies on Authoritarian Gravity Centers
Kingdom of Gravity: Autocratic Promotion and Diffusion in Saudi Arabia
Approaching the Arabian Peninsula via the Concept of AGC
Saudi Arabia’s Gravitational Force: Uncovering Mechanisms of Promotion and Diffusion
The Kingdom Seizes Control over the Arabian Peninsula
The Power of Incentives and Autocratic Promotion through Hard Leverage
Behind the Scenes: The Power of Subtle Leverage
Emulation: It Is Always Better Together
Demonstration Effects: Mimicry at Place
The Temptation of Authoritarianism: Explaining the Motives of the AGC and TS
Motives of the AGC to Exert Influence
Uncovering the Promotion Side
Uncovering the Diffusion Side
Attraction and Reaction: The Target States and Autocratic Diffusion
Reactions to Saudi Promotion Efforts
Reactions to Saudi Diffusion Efforts
Conclusion
Notes
References
Democratic Erosion and Autocratization in Latin America: The Role of Venezuela as an Authoritarian Gravity Center
Introduction
Venezuela as Protagonist of Democratic Erosion in the Region - Defining the Sample
Explaining the How: Empirical Analysis of Venezuela’s Autocratic Influence in the Region
Hard Leverage
Exporting Media Control
Sponsoring of Bolivarian Candidates
Subtle Leverage
Providing Advice for the Constitutional Reform and Power Concentration
Securing Ideological Allegiance within and through ALBA
Emulation
Seeking Advice for the Process of Constitutional Rewriting
Copying Measures for National and Regional Defense
Demonstration Effects
Adopting Chavez’s Ideational Toolbox
Orienting toward Venezuela’s Methods of Securing Communicational Hegemony
Copying Techniques of Pinholes against Independent Media Coverage
Explaining the Why: Uncovering the Motives for Autocracy Promotion and Adoption of Autocratic Elements
Uncovering Chavez's Motives for Autocracy Promotion
Uncovering the Reaction of the Target States: Welcoming Venezuela’s Support
Venezuela as an Attractive Role Model
The Target States: Motives for Adopting Elements from the AGC
Evaluation of the Findings
Conclusion
Notes
References
Kazakhstan: A Possible Future Authoritarian Gravity Center?
Introduction
Kazakhstan as an Authoritarian Gravity Center
Authoritarianism
Economic Growth
International Engagement
Central Asia: A ‘Contested’ Region with Multiple Authoritarian Players
Evidence from Expert Interviews: Motives of Kazakhstan as an AGC
Promotion of the Kazakhstani Model
Preventing Instability
Evidence from Expert Interviews: Mechanisms and Outcomes
Socialization of Elites and Bureaucracies
Interaction of Think Tanks
Еmulation
Evidence from Expert Interviews: Is Kazakhstan an AGC or Just a Potential One?
Kazakhstan’s “Involvement” in Kyrgyzstan’s Presidential Elections
Background
The Conflict
A Case of Autocracy Promotion?
A Case of Authoritarian Foreign Policy?
Conclusion
Notes
References
III. The International Dimension of Authoritarianism Revisited
Russia’s Effects on a Consolidated Democracy: The Erosion of Democracy in Hungary and the Putin Model
Introduction
The Hungarian Case and Authoritarian Diffusion
The Putin Model
Hungary’s Constitutional Transformation
The Judiciary
The Media
Electoral System
Civil Society
Conclusion
Notes
References
Iran and Its Neighbors: Military Assistance as Support for Authoritarianism
Introduction
International Dimension of Authoritarianism: Recent Theoretical Developments and Debates
Understanding Motives and Mechanisms
A Brief Introduction to Iran and Its Foreign Policy
Iran and the Promotion of Authoritarianism
Syria: A Case of Military Intervention
Iraq: A Case of Political and Military Support
Conclusion
Notes
References
Networking with Chinese Characteristics: China’s Party-to-Party Relations in Asia
Introduction
The External Relations of the CCP’s International Department
Empirical Trends in the CCP’s Engagement in Asia
The CCP in Asia: Five Explorative Case Studies
The CCP in Vietnam: Like Will Do Like Despite Tensions
The CCP and Cambodia: From a Multi-Actor Approach to Backing the Ruling Party
The CCP and Myanmar: Keeping Up with Changing Domestic Power Structures
The CCP and Mongolia: No Easy Game
The CCP and Japan: Bridge over Troubled Waters
Comparative Analysis and Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
Spreading Cyber-Autocracy? The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Diffusion of Norms of “Internet Sovereignty”
Introduction
Autocratic Cooperation and Resistance in the SCO
Security Cooperation
Economic Cooperation
Cvbersecurity Cooperation
Conclusion
Notes
References
IV. Authoritarian Gravity Centers in Cross-Regional Comparison
Authoritarian Gravity Centers in Cross-Regional Comparison: Future Studies and the International Dimension of Authoritarianism
Introduction
Summary of Results: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia,
Cross Regional Comparison: The Hotv, What, and Why
Prospects for Further Research: The AGC Revisited
Note
References
Notes on Contributors
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