Blockchain-enabled Fog and Edge Computing: Concepts, Architectures, and Applications - Blockchain-enabled Fog and Edge Computing: Concepts, Architectures, and Applications -

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Fundamental concepts and applications of blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing From blockchain Internet of Things (B-IoT) towards decentralising the Tactile Internet INTRODUCTION BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES Ethereum versus Bitcoin blockchains Decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs)BLOCKCHAIN loT AND EDGE COMPUTING Blockchain IoT (В-loT): Recent progress and related work Blockchain-enabled edge computing THE IEEE P1918.1 TACTILE INTERNET The Tactile Internet: Key principles Human-agent-robot teamwork Low-latency FiWi-enhanced LTE-A HetNets with Al-enhanced MEC Low-latency FiWi-enhanced LTE-A HetNets Al-enhanced MEC: Pushing Al to the edge DECENTRALISING THE TACTILE INTERNET Decentralised edge intelligence Crowdsourcing: Expanding the HO workforce BLOCKCHAIN, Al, AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE: THE PATH FORWARD Cognitive-assistance-based intelligence amplification HITL hybrid-augmented intelligence The rise of the decentralised self-organising cooperative Nudging towards human augmentation OPEN CHALLENGES AND FUTURE WORK CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Blockchain concepts, architectures, and Smart city applications in fog and edge computing environments INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION loT ecosystem Edge computing in the IoT ecosystem loT security concepts IoT ARCHITECTURES WITH EMPHASIS ON THE EDGE STRUCTURES Architectural concepts The open systems loT reference model G loT COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Wireless technologies for the loT G wireless technologies for the IoT SMART CITY CONCEPTS AND COMMON SMART CITY APPLICATIONS Urban and city trends Smart city applications of the IoT Formal definition of a Smart city SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE BLOCKCHAIN CONCEPTS Basic blockchain concepts Data integrity using blockchains Possible weaknesses of blockchains SURVEY OF SMART CITY loT APPLICATIONS THAT ARE OR WILL BENEFIT FROM BLOCKCHAINS Sample loT blockchain applications Sample IoT blockchain applications for Smart cities loT security blockchain applications Blockchain implementation modes in the loT Specific Smart city blockchain applications E-health Smart grid Logistics Surveillance Municipal smart service Economic development Vehicular applications Insurance and banking Device management FUTURE RESEARCH AREAS REFERENCES A Blockchain-enabled edge supported e-challan mechanism for content-centric Internet of Vehicles INTRODUCTION VANETs versus IoV Content-centric IoV Blockchain with edge computing LITERATURE SURVEY Content-centric Internet of Vehicles (CC-IoV)Blockchain-enabled CC-loV Blockchain-enabled loV Blockchain-enabled CCN Blockchain-enabled CC-loV RESEARCH MOTIVATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT PROPOSED BLOCKCHAIN-BASED EDGE MECHANISM FOR CC-loV Generating packets Speeding vehicle info delivery Reporting an offense Validation of offense Reply of offense validation System workflow of scheme RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Simulation environment Results and analysis Time from offense to Blockchain transaction Packets overhead Trust in offense processing Financial gain CONCLUSION FUTURE WORK APPENDIX REFERENCES II. Security and privacy issues in blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing Hardware-primitive-based blockchain for IoT in fog and edge computing INTRODUCTION Internet of Things Blockchain Transaction Signing a transaction Reaching consensus: Proof-of-Work Physical unclonable functions PUF-BASED BLOCKCHAIN PROTOCOLS FOR IOT IN FOG AND EDGE COMPUTING Data provenance protocols The setup phase The data transfer phase Performance analysis Centralised versus decentralised architecture Data provenance and data integrity Distributed consensus Security analysis Assumptions Threat model Security proofs Formal proofs CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENCES On blockchain and its complementarity with fog computing to secure management systems INTRODUCTION loT CONTEXT FOG COMPUTING Fog computing strengths and weaknesses BLOCKCHAINS What is blockchain structure?How does blockchain work?What are blockchain key features?What are blockchain performance and security weaknesses?What is a smart contract?BLOCKCHAIN AND FOG COMPLEMENTARITY PROPOSITION CONCLUSION REFERENCES Security and privacy issues of blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing INTRODUCTION CLOUD-TO-THING CONTINUUM BY MEANS OF FOG AND EDGE COMPUTING Requirements BLOCKCHAIN Transaction process Types of nodes in the blockchain network Types of blockchain Blockchain main ingredients Consensus mechanisms Cryptography Smart contract Privacy Blockchain characteristics Challenges Scalability Security Law BLOCKCHAIN AND FOG AND EDGE COMPUTING: A POSSIBLE COOPERATION Reference architecture Consensus mechanisms Security advantages Privacy advantages Resource management using blockchain Challenges of the incorporation FUTURE DIRECTIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Scaling edge computing security with blockchain technologies EDGE SECURITY CHALLENGES Introducing security at the edge Edge architectural challenges Scalability Security Devices computational capacity The cloud as a secure architecture ‘no longer feasible’BLOCKCHAIN IN THE SECURITY ARENA Why to use blockchain The challenges Blockchain scalability issues Blockchain data sharing BLOCKCHAIN ARCHITECTURE Architectures Permissionless Permissioned Hybrid Consensus Public algorithms Permissioned algorithms New transaction acceptance BLOCKCHAIN SERVICES IN EDGE COMPUTING Secure device profiling Authentication Integrity of the data provided by the edge Validation Gateways BLOCKCHAIN VERSUS CLOUD SOLUTIONS APPLIED TO EDGE SCENARIOS Authentication model Secure edge device profiling model Integrity of the data provided by the edge model CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES Blockchain based solutions for achieving secure storage in fog computing INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND IoT overview Blockchain overview Blockchain versions Public and private blockchains Fog and edge overview Fog versus edge computing Fog computing structure EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES loT general challenges Quality of Service (QoS)Security and privacy Storage and manipulating the huge amount of data Energy consumption Blockchain general challenges Storage capacity and scalability Security: Weaknesses and threats Anonymity and data privacy Wasted resources Technological challenges: Throughput, latency, size, and bandwidth Fog and edge challenges Scalability and adaptability Heterogeneity, efficiency, and performance Security and privacy BLOCKCHAIN FOR EDGE AND FOG Advantages Issues Security and data integrity issues Scalability and storage capacity issues Processing power and time Legal and compliance SECURITY IN BLOCKCHAIN-BASED FOG COMPUTING SYSTEMS: SOLUTIONS Smart home solution Smart health care Smart vehicular CONCLUSION REFERENCES Differential privacy for edge computing-based smart grid operating over blockchain INTRODUCTION Comparison of privacy-preserving techniques Encryption-based privacy PRELIMINARIES OF PRIVATE SMART GRID EDGE COMPUTING OVER BLOCKCHAIN Smart grid Fog and edge computing Blockchain Differential privacy Variants of differential privacy LITERATURE REVIEW Blockchain work considering edge computing and its privacy Blockchain work considering edge computing and smart grid Blockchain work considering smart grid and its privacy DIFFERENTIALLY PRIVATE RER MONITORING FOR EDGE-COMPUTING-BASED SMART GRID OPERATING OVER BLOCKCHAIN System model Design goals of BDOR strategy BDOR strategy adversary model Proposed algorithm and flow chart PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Mean absolute and mean relative error CHALLENGES AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Privacy issues Security issues Consensus mechanism Energy efficiency and throughput Machine learning CONCLUSION REFERENCES