Advances in Paleoimaging: Applications for Paleoanthropology, Bioarchaeology, Forensics, and Cultural Artifacts - Advances in Paleoimaging: Applications for Paleoanthropology, Bioarchaeology, Forensics, and Cultura -

Photography Associated with Paleoimaging: With Notes on Videography, LiDAR, Ground Penetrating Radar, and 3D Surface Scanning Photography Videography Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)Ground Penetrating Radar D Surface Scans Summary References Endoscopy in Anthropological and Archaeological Applications Description of Method and Rationale Instrumentation Medical versus Industrial Endoscopes Anatomy of a Video Endoscope Light Source Camera Control Unit Biopsy and Retrieval Tools Data Recording Limitations of Method Technologic Limitations Associated with Endoscopy Limitations of Personnel References XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence)Introduction and Rationale Principle of Operation Instrumentation Data Recording/Reporting Qualitative Approach Quantitative Approach Semi-Quantitative Approach Limitations Plane Radiography, Digital Radiography, Mammography, Tomosyntheses, and Fluoroscopy Terminology Origin Production of X-Rays X-Ray Properties X-Ray Source Anodes, Heat Units, and Focal Spots Image Receptor: Film Film Processing Film Limitations Digital Image Receptor Systems Mammography Equipment Tube Design Positioning Objects for Plane Radiography Disadvantages of Plane Radiography and Possible Means to Overcome Them References Contrast Media A Multimodality Contrast Media—Bruce A. Young, Solomon Segal, James Adams, and Kyler Douglas Acknowledgments References Industrial Radiography Radiation Sources Image Receptor Advantages and Disadvantages of CR and DR Reference Computed Tomography (CT), Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT), Micro-CT, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)Computed Tomography—Gerald J. Conlogue kVp mA Exposure Time Detector Width Number of Detectors Pitch and Helical Pitch Field of View (FOV)Algorithms Windowing Data Manipulation Region-of-Interest Measurement Filters Slice Thickness Maximum Intensity Projections and Minimal Intensity Projections D Image Manipulation/3D Algorithms Establishing Thresholds Clipping Cutting Segmentation Fly-Through Micro-CT—Andrew J. Nelson Micro-CT Scanning Definition History Types of Micro-CT Scanners Resolution Clinical CT Compared to Micro-CT Image Artifacts in Micro-CT Current and Future Developments Conclusions Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)—Alan Lurie Recommendations References Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Development of Study Strategies Introduction Section 1 Ethical Considerations Section Rationale Ethics Defined Highlights for Cross-Disciplinary Codes of Ethics Ethics in Practice Pre-Research Environment Active-Research Environment Objectives for Developing Imaging Study Strategy Summary References Section 2 Determining Imaging Needs Has the Object(s) Been Radiographed in the Past?What Is the Composition of the Object(s)?What Is the Size of the Object(s)?What Is the Required Orientation of the Object(s)?What Are the Study Objectives?Are There Mobility Limitations?How Many Objects Are Included in the Project?What Are the Characteristics of the Location of the Study?What Utilities Are Required by the Imaging System and What is Available?What Are the Characteristics of the Proposed Work Area? Radiation Safety Plan What Are the Availability and Access Limitations to the Objects?What Funding May Be Available for the Project?What Is the Availability of Radiographic and Related Technologies for a Study?Imaging Needs Determination Applied, an Example Determining Costs Additional Considerations Section 3 Workflow (Throughput)—Systems Design for Field Research Considerations When Multiple Imaging Methods Are Employed Section 4 Radiographic Data Formats, Graphic Software, and Online Data Repositories Introduction Common 2D Image Formats D Image Formats Image Stacks Software D Image Repositories Obstacles IMPACT Conclusions A Sampling of Online Repositories of Paleoimaging Data References Section 5 Interpretation Strategies Section 6 Integration of Bioarchaeology and Bioarchaeology of Care Models Bioarchaeology Bioarchaeology of Care References Section 7 Field Paleoimaging Safety and Health Challenges Introduction Physical Hazards—or—If It Can Go Wrong, It Just May Hann to the Self or Team Equipment Safety Know the Current Culture Local Rituals Governmental and Political Culture Know the Ancient Culture Climatic Conditions and the Physical Environment Biological Hazards Practical Considerations and Challenges to Field Paleoimaging Challenges to Field Paleoimaging Logistics as a Challenge to Field Paleoimaging Summary Bibliography Section 8 Radiation Protection and Safety Introduction Biological Impact of Radiation Radiation Protection Legislation Measurement of Radiation Dose Practical Radiation Protection Notification Radiation Risk Assessment Radiation Protection Plans and Procedures The Radiation Area Distance Shielding Time Radiation Protection in the Field Worked Example References Appendix A: Radiography Field Data Sheet Appendix B: Recording Form for Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Appendix C: Micro-CT Recording Form Appendix D: Recording Form for XRF Appendix E: Recording Form for Endoscopic Examination of Mummified or Skeletal Remains (see Chapter 2)Appendix F: Radiologist Report Form—Preliminary Interpretations Appendix G: Example of Risk Assessment Documentation (see Chapter 9 Section 7)Appendix H: Expedition Kit List—Papua New Guinea Appendix I: Statement of Health Appendix J: Radiation Protection Examples from the Oxford Project (see Chapter 9 Section 8)