An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales - An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales -

What is a good psychological measure?Aims of this book Features of good psychological measures Statement of what the scale measures Justification for the scale How the preliminary pool of items is drawn up Description of sample used for testing Means, standard deviations and ranges (norms)Reliability Forms of reliability assessment Reliability statistics A note on statistics packages Validity statistics The scale Summary Appendix 1: Examples of test and scale presentation Example 1. Narcissistic Personality Inventory Example 2. Individual Responsibility (IR) measure Example 3. Structure of Prayer Scale Example 4. Quality of Cognitive Therapy Scale A guide to finding and using existing tests and scales Finding the scale Key features Copyright Test user restrictions and training Testee welfare Pros and cons of using an existing scale Using the scale Summary Appendix 2: Some useful tests –An introductory review Measures of personality, mood and psychopathology The Big Five and the Big Six Measures of social attitudes and cognitions Measures of other individual differences Measures of social desirability Writing Defining what you want to measure Collecting items How many items?Sources of items Checking items Producing the preliminary questionnaire or test Anonymity, ethics and the law Demographic and other data: Deciding what is needed Response formats A suggested format Summary Testing Deciding on a sample(s) and reducing sample bias Methods of sampling: Random and quasi-random Methods of sampling: Quota/target group Methods of sampling: Convenience and snowball Response rates Sample size and statistical potver Recruiting methods Email Social media Survey hosts Ethical issues Testing Group or individual testing?Thanking, de-briefing and follow-up Summary Appendix 4: Ethical guidelines for testing Sources of guidelines General principles Coding, making the database, and reliability analysis Coding, scoring and data entry Coding Responses that do not need coding Information that needs coding When to calculate total scores Make a database Check for accuracy Reverse scoring and saving the database Selecting reliable items The first reliability statistics Improving reliability of the scale Descriptive statistics (norms) for the final scale Summary of steps for data entry and reliability Factor and principal-components analyses Summary Appendix 5: Reliability Notes on statistics packages Appendix 5.1: Types of data, coding, and statistics Appendix 5.2: An example of coding Appendix 5.3: Making and checking a database in SPSS for Windows Entering data Checking the database Replacing missing data Appendix 5.4: Reliability analysis in SPSS for Windows Appendix 5.5: Improving reliability Appendix 5.6: Factor and principal components analyses in SPSS for Windows The final scale and its validation Descriptive statistics (norms)Validity Criterion validity Concurrent validity; comparison with existing tests Content and face validity Predictive validity Construct validity Confounded variables Presenting the scale Summary Appendix 6: Computation and validity Appendix 6.1: Computing total scores on your measure Appendix 6.2: Criterion validity using ait unrelated t-test Appendix 6.3: Concurrent validity: Using SPSS to calculate correlations Appendix 6.4: Criterion and predictive validity: One-way analysis of variance in SPSS, including comparisons between groups Two-way analyses of variance and other more complicated designs Appendix 6.5: Confounded variables: Loglinear analysis, logistic regression, analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis Loglinear analysis Logistic regression Analysis of covariance Multiple regression analysis Useful websites