Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Africa - Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Africa -

Tourism in Africa - continental issues and regional contexts Introduction Tourism and development - theoretical perspectives and outstanding issues Critical perspectives and tourism Alternative perspectives and tourism Neoliberal perspective and tourism Post-development and tourism The current state of tourism and development (research) in Africa Conclusion References I Africa and tourism The changing nature of Africa as a competitive tourism role-player Introduction Inbound tourism to Africa Current situation What drives international tourism to Africa?What does it imply for the future?Intra-African tourism Current situation What drives tourism between Africa countries?What does it imply for the future?Outbound African tourism Current situation What drives African outbound tourism?What does it imply for the future?Challenges for the future Conclusion Notes References Information communication technology (ICT) and tourism promotion in Africa Introduction ICT and tourism nexus ICT potential for Africa's tourism promotion Critical issues facing the adoption of ICT in the tourism sector Laying out the challenge Areas in need of research attention Conclusion References Heritage and heritage tourism in Africa: Historical overview and contemporary issues Introduction Development and treatment of heritage for tourism in Africa: historic outlook Post-independence period Current dilemma in the maintenance of heritage for tourism Marginalisation of African heritage and traditions in heritage tourism Mistreatment of African heritage for tourism purposes Marginalisation of local communities in the maintenance of heritage tourism sites Ambiguities in the promotion of heritage tourism as a sustainable development option Conclusion References Adventure tourism in Africa Introduction Adventure tourism development in Africa A typology of adventure tourism in Africa Critical issues facing adventure tourism in Africa Conclusions References Tourism and dimate change in Africa Introduction Geographical distribution of Africa's nature-based tourism attractions and related climate change impacts Coastal zones and freshwater ecosystems Vegetation, wildlife, protected areas and mountainous places Responses: climate change adaptation and mitigation Review protocol: methods Findings Tourism-climate change nexus research in Africa Vulnerabilities and threats Impacts Perceptions and awareness of climate change impact on tourism Knowledge inquiry and methodological issues Policy responses Endangered tourism destinations and associated climate change impacts Climate change policy responses in the tourism context Discussion and conclusions References Growing Africa's tourism through air transport liberalisation Continental aspirations and key policy bottlenecks Introduction Major constraints to Africa's tourism growth: the air transport dimension Overview of Africa's air transportation performance An undying aspiration to liberalise Africa's air transportation Drawbacks to the liberalisation of Africa's air transportation: the policy dimension Conclusions Note References InFocus 1 The role of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in tourism and sustainable development in Africa The role of UNWTO in tourism Sustainable tourism development in Africa UNWTO agenda for Africa 2030 - tourism for inclusive growth Advocating the brand Africa - SDGs 8, 10, 11, 14, 15 Promoting travel facilitation (connectivity/visa) - SDGs 8, 9 Strengthening tourism statistics systems - SDGs 8, 15, 17 Expanding of capacity building including training facilities - SDGs 4, 8, 10, 17 Promoting innovation and technology - SDGs 8, 9, 17 Fostering resilience (safety and security, crisis communication) - SDGs 8, 12, 13,16 Unlocking growth through investment promotion by publicprivate partnerships - SDGs 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17 Empowering youth and women through tourism - SDGs 5, 8, 10 Advancing the sustainability agenda (esp. biodiversity) - SDGs 13, 12, 14, 15 Promoting cultural heritage - SDGs 8, 16 Policy frameworks Bibliography and online links InFocus 2 The growth of Meetings, incentive, conferences and exhibition/ events (MICE) industry in Africa II Tourism in North Africa Tunisian tourism, gender and the contribution of postcolonial feminism Introduction Tourism and other women Postcolonial feminism Postcolonial feminism and tourism studies Illustration: a postcolonial feminist interpretation of Tunisian tourism Conclusion References Understanding the complexities of residents' support for cultural heritage preservation through an equity theory lens The case of World Heritage Sites of Carthage, Tunisia Introduction Literature review Local residents' support for cultural heritage preservation Theory of equity and cultural heritage context Methods Study context Data collection, sampling, and analysis Results The history of social class discrimination in Carthage Power relations and authority Perceiving (in) equity and support for cultural heritage preservation Discussion and conclusion References Current issues of tourism in Morocco Introduction Phases of tourism in Morocco Pre-Fordist and Fordist phase Post-fordist phase: the strategic plans of Vision 2010 and Vision 2020 Saidia: case study of Azur Plan Conclusions Notes References Tourism in Egypt: The past and the present Introduction The evolution of tourism in Egypt The types of tourism in Egypt The importance of tourism in Egypt The growth of mass tourism in Egypt: the role of Thomas Cook & Son Conclusion References InFocus 3 The role of the media in promoting tourism in Africa III Tourism in West Africa "Today is party A, tomorrow is party B": The Elmina 2015 Strategy and the politics of tourism-led local economic development planning in Ghana Introduction Tourism, local economic development and political cycles Methodology and methods A stylised (tourism development) history of Elmina Elmina Cultural Heritage Management Programme and the Elmina 2015 Strategy Local governance structures and political cycles Era of the National Democratic Congress Party: 1992-2000 Era of the New Patriotic Party: 2001-2008 Era of the National Democratic Congress: 2009-2016 Conclusion Note References Tourism development in Senegal: Historical overview and new directions for community-based tourism Introduction Overview of tourism products Evolution of tourism development in Senegal Before the 1970s: the embryonic stage s and 1980s: responding to a global demand for mass tourism -2000: slow growth amid socio-political crisis -2010: expansion of the tourism sector - to date: from stagnation to impeding decline Community-based tourism, a counter model of development Integrated rural tourism: the beginnings of community-based tourism in Senegal Critical issues for community-based tourism around national parks Conclusions Notes References The political economy of tourism development in Cape Verde islands Introduction Literature review Political economy, tourism development and trust in tourism institutions Benefits and costs of tourism development and trust in tourism institutions The state of the local economy, tourism development and political trust in tourism institutions Personal economic benefits of tourism, tourism development and political trust in tourism institutions Methodology Study setting Questionnaire design and data collection procedures Results Demographic profile Hypotheses testing Conclusions and implications Practical implications Study limitation and future study direction References Backpacking in Ghana: Prospects and challenges Introduction Geographical features of Ghana Ghana's tourism development pathway Pre-independence era (before 1957)Era of state activism (1957-1966)Era of state passivism (1966-1981)Era of laissez-fairism (1982-2001)The era of democratic consolidation of tourism development (2001-2019)Travel market trends in Ghana Tourist arrivals, receipts and contribution to GDP Tourist originating countries Purpose of visit Domestic and outbound tourism The backpacker segment in Ghana - characteristics, motivations, experiences and risk perceptions Characteristics of backpackers Motivations and experiences Risk perceptions A critical reflection on the prospects and challenges of backpacker tourism in Ghana Concluding remarks and recommendations References Drivers and opportunities in Nigeria's tourism industry: Towards sustainable growth and development Introduction Background to Nigeria's tourism industry Tourism management in Nigeria Tourism resources and assets in Nigeria Contribution of tourism to the Nigerian economy Challenges inhibiting growth in Nigeria's tourism industry Drivers and opportunities Tourism and sustainability in Nigeria The way forward References Tourism development in Niger: Challenges and opportunities Introduction Location and tourism attractions A historical narrative on tourism in Niger Composition of the tourism market in Niger Constraints and challenges Opportunities Conclusion Bibliography Tourism development in Sierra Leone Brief background and macroeconomic trends Current tourism trends Tourist attractions and regional competitive advantage Political risk and image Weak institutional frameworks Improvement of institutional capacity in policy development and planning Improving the poor image through proactive marketing planning utilizing International and Regional partnerships Sierra Leone National Tourist Board Addressing the critical capacity shortages of human development in the various sectors within the industry Encouragement and promotion of domestic tourism Further suggestions Summary and conclusions References InFocus 4 Afrogallonism, yellow brick road and 360La - grassroot contemporary arts in motion InFocus 5 Aviators Africa Academy (AAA) -capacity development in Africa's aviation industry IV Tourism in Middle Africa Eco-tourism in Cameroon's protected areas: Investigating the link between community participation and policy development Introduction Literature review Development of tourism policy in Cameroon Protected areas, eco-tourism and community participation Community participation and policy development Study setting Methodology Results and discussion Protected area dynamics Access to resources vs. conservation of resources Disinterest and discontent of communities Waning trust in government Community involvement, participation and collaborative planning Reality vs. theory of policy Importance of community involvement in eco-tourism related activities Collaborative planning and management An opportunity... (lost)Lack of benefits to communities Eco-tourism benefiting natural environments Eco-tourism revenue Money matters and community upliftment Conclusion and recommendations References Tourism development in Gabon: Pioneers operating under adverse conditions Introduction Development of tourism in Gabon Tourism trends Operating pioneering businesses in adverse conditions Typology of tourism projects and businesses undertaken since the 1990s Projects responding to a dynamic not centered on tourism Projects driven by tourism interests Conclusions Notes References Tourism and nature in Sao Tomé and Príncipe: Opportunities for the internationalisation of a Small Island State Introductory and contextual issues Brief characterisation of an archipelago open to the world A picture of tourism internationalisation for sustainability Concluding notes Notes References InFocus 6 Diary of a woman in tourism Challenges and opportunities and expected impact References V Tourism in Eastern Africa The potential of tourism revenue sharing policy to benefit conservation in Rwanda Introduction Sustainable livelihoods framework Capability to maintain livelihoods Equitable access to livelihoods resources Social and environmental sustainability of livelihoods Rwanda's tourism revenue sharing program Synthesizing Rwanda's tourism revenue sharing policy Rwanda's TRS policy and livelihoods capability Rwanda's TRS policy and equitable livelihoods Rwanda's TRS policy and livelihoods sustainability Conclusion References Rock art tourism in Ethiopia and cultural heritage management challenges Introduction Literature review Overview of cultural heritage management Cultural heritage management and tourism in Ethiopia Rock art tourism in Africa General discussion Rock art tourism in Ethiopia: potentials and challenges Cultural heritage management challenges and rock art tourism in Ethiopia Conclusion References Tourism in Mozambique: Historical evolution and future challenges Introduction Brief characterization of the country Historical evolution of tourism Characterization of tourism in Mozambique Tourism challenges and lessons for the future Safety and security Tourism performance Competitiveness of the sector Recovery marketing Conclusions Notes References Development of tourism in Tanzania: Strengthening agriculture - tourism linkages Introduction Development of tourism in Tanzania: the historical perspectives Tourism trends in Tanzania: from 1950 to 2016 Strengthening agriculture-tourism linkages: a strategy to enhance sustainable tourism in Tanzania Conclusions References Local community support in tourism in Mauritius - the case of Ray of Light by LUX*Introduction Tourism impacts Local community support Responsible business: stakeholders' expectations LUX* 'Ray of Light' CSR initiative Implications and conclusion References Pastoral women participation in community conservancies in Maasai Mara, Kenya Introduction Conservancies in Maasai Mara Community benefits from conservancies Women involvement in conservation Motivations for women involvement in community conservancies Roles played by women in community conservancies Links for participation Conclusion References InFocus 7 Red Rocks Initiatives for Sustainable Development VI Tourism in Southern Africa City tourism in Southern Africa Progress and issues Introduction Key research foci in city tourism research Exploring six themes in city tourism research Conclusions Acknowledgement References Wildlife tourism, conservation and community benefits in Zimbabwe Introduction Methods Results and discussion Development of wildlife tourism in Zimbabwe Tourism trends Global travel and tourism trends Regional tourism trends Zimbabwe tourism trends Wildlife tourism's contribution to conservation and community development The impact of wildlife tourism on conservation The impact of wildlife tourism on community development Framework for wildlife tourism, conservation and community benefits Challenges associated with wildlife tourism, conservation and community development Conclusion and the way forward References InFocus 8 South African Airways and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives South African Airways (UK&I)References InFocus 9 Hatika Adult Education Centre supports community tourism development in Windhoek, Namibia InFocus 10 The future of tourism in Africa -keeping more tourism spend in destinations for sustainable tourism development through digitalised marketing The History of Tourism in Africa Tourism today Tourism in Africa The future of tourism in Africa and third-party vendors The monopolisation of consumer-focused products Future of tourism in Africa and sustainable hospitality Rainmaker digital's Mission What has been achieved in other Africa destinations VISTA destination network open platform and ecosystem for destinations Integrated and interdependent 5 stages of success Stage 1 | visibility - get found in the first place | dreaming, planning Travellers no longer believe "Still Images"Achievements (2016-2019)Stage 2 | digital presence WebSite - convert bookings and create leads | dreaming, planning, booking Achievements 2016-2019 Stage 3 | reputation - understand where to improve and respond to your reviews | dreaming, planning Achievements (2016-2019)Stage 4 | marketing communication - content-, social- and eMail marketing | dreaming, planning, sharing Stage 5 | distribution - revenue and yield management | planning, booking Prospects and futures for tourism in Africa I: Africa and tourism II: tourism in North Africa III: tourism in West Africa IV: tourism in Middle Africa V: tourism in Eastern Africa VI: tourism in Southern Africa Conclusion References