Agricultural wastes : characteristics, types, and management

Preface Recycling of Agricultural Wastes: Treatment and Uses Introduction AW Produced in the Mediterranean Region: Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters (OMW)Wine Waste Swine Waste Animal Waste Rice Straw Technologies for the Recycling of Agricultural Wastes in Intensive Crop Production Systems Developed so Far in the Mediterranean Countries Basic Principles of the Composting Process Limitations of the Composting Process Policy Issues for Agricultural Wastes in Europe and Mediterranean Countries Zeolites in Agricultural Waste Reuse Processes Physical and Chemical Properties of Zeolites Oinoptilolite Zeolites for AW Treatment Zeolites in Composting Processes Zeolites in Piggery Wastes Treatment Zeolite Combined with Organic Manure Production of Adsorbents either Biosorbents or Pyrolized/Activated Carbons from Agricultural Wastes Organic Compounds (Dyes, Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Solvents) Removal Heavy Metals and Other Ions Removal Production of Membranes from Agricultural Wastes Conclusion References Current Utilization of Dairy Industry Co-Products Current Status of Major Dairy Streams Production and Their Utilization Major Applications of Whey Permeate Agricultural Applications of Whey Permeate Land Spreading Animal Feed Chemical and Cosmetics Applications of Whey Permeate З.1. Solvents Exopolysaccharides Biosurfactants Major Food Applications of Whey Permeate Lactose Characteristics and Applications Lactose Recovery Processes Lactose Derivatives З.1. Lactic Acid Lactulose Tagatose Galactooligosaccharides Other Lactose Derivatives Naturally Occurring Oligosaccharides Naturally Occurring Peptides Whey Permeate As Substrate for Bacteriocin Production Minerals: A Need of Developing Feasible Desalination Processes Whey Permeate As a Fuel and Energy Source Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Biohydrogen Biogas (Methane)Bioethanol Conclusion and Future Directions Acknowledgments References Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Olive Stones Introduction Non-energy Use of Olive Stones Adsorbent Source of Natural Antioxidants Furfural Production Xilooligosaccharide Production Manufacture of Plastic Materials Energy Use of Olive Stones EXTRACTION Thermochemical Conversion Combustion Pyrolysis Gasification Biochemical Pathway Olive Stones Pretreatment Hydrothermal Pretreatments: Liquid Hot Water (LHW) and Steam Explosion (SE)Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment (DSA)Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Cellulose Sugar Fermentation Conclusion Acknowledgments References Potential Use of Nut Agricultural BY-PRODUCTS IN POLYMER MATERIALS: A REVIEW Introduction Nutritional Value of Nuts Nut Agricultural by-Products Revalorisation of Nut by-Products in Polymer Materials as Reinforcement Revalorisation of Nut by-Products in Polymer Active Packaging as Bioactive Natural Product Sources Antimicrobial and Antifungal Action of Nut By-Products Antioxidant action of Nut By-Products Recent Uses of Nut By-Products Conclusion References Perspectives on the Utilization of Rice Hull in Productive Processes INTRODUCTION Silica Extraction from Rice Hull Chemical Processing Silica from Rice Hull: Alkaline Leaching NH4F Dissolution Process Biological Approach Applications of Silica Derived from Rice Hull Synthesis of Cements and Zeolites from Rice Hull Ash Silica as Adsorbent and Support for Catalysis Rice Hull Fermentation Miscellaneous Applications References The Use of Agricultural Residues: A TECHNICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHALLENGE for the Biorefinery The Agricultural Residues Chemical Composition of the Lignocellulosic Biomass Carbohydrates Lignin Minor organic and inorganic components The Heterogeneous Composition of the Agricultural Wastes The Biorefinery Concept: Need for a Change The Replacement of Oil Refineries The Biorefinery Perspective The Challenge of the Agricultural Wastes Biorefining Benefits and Drawbacks of Agricultural Wastes as Biorefinery Feedstock The Agricultural Wastes - Biorefinery Scenario Acknowledgments References Valorization of Wastes from Industrial Processing of an Agricultural Product via Thermochemical Conversion Processes Introduction Experimental Section Materials Kinetic Measurements of the Pyrolysis of Yerba Mate Twigs Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Experiments Characterization of the Pyrolysis Products Generated at the Different Temperatures Experiments for Conversion of the Yerba Mate Twigs into Activated Carbons Results and Discussion Kinetic Characterization of the Pyrolysis of the Yerba Mate Twigs Effect of the Temperature on Yields and Characteristics of the Pyrolysis Products Conversion of the Yerba Mate Twigs into Activated Carbons Acknowledgments References Agricultural Solid Wastes in Aqueous Phase Dye Adsorption: A Review Introduction Classification of Dyes Potential Dye Pollutants and Its Toxicity Effects Dye Removal Techniques Dye Adsorption Factors Affecting Adsorption of Dye Influence of Solution pH on Dye Adsorption Influence of Initial Dye Concentration on Dye Adsorption Influence of Solution Temperature on Dye Adsorption Influence of Adsorbent Dosage on Dye Adsorption Influence of Presence of Salts on Dye Adsorption Kinetics of Dye Adsorption Lagergren Pseudo-First-Order and Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic Model Intra-Particle Diffusion Kinetic Model and Mechanism of Solute Adsorption Equilibrium Dye Adsorption Isotherms Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Model Dye Adsorption Capacities of Various Agricultural Solid Waste Adsorbents Rice Husk Sawdust Sugarcane Bagasse Fruit Waste Plant Waste Bark Material Conclusion References Coffee Wastes As Adsorbents History of Coffee Wastes in During Coffee Synthesis Adsorption Applications References Applications of Agricultural Wastes on Bio-hydrogen Production with Bacterial Treatments Introduction Fundamental Theory Extracting Sugar from Agricultural Wastes Lignocellulose Thermostable Cellulolytic Bacteria Growth Medium Reduced Sugar in the Sample Approach and Introduction to Hydrogen Production Biological Effects of Ultrasound Taguchi Quality Engineering Experiment Activation and Growth of Bacteria Strain T4 Organism Growth Curve Test Production of Reduced Sugar Glucose Test of Reduced Sugar Mechanical and Biological Effects Cultivation of Hydrogen-Producing Bacteria Ultrasound Irradiation Experiment Biological Effects Taguchi Method Planning Factor Levels and Experimental Design Taguchi Data Analysis Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References