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Agricultural wastes : characteristics, types, and management
Preface
Recycling of Agricultural Wastes: Treatment and Uses
Introduction
AW Produced in the Mediterranean Region: Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics
Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters (OMW)
Wine Waste
Swine Waste
Animal Waste
Rice Straw
Technologies for the Recycling of Agricultural Wastes in Intensive Crop Production Systems Developed so Far in the Mediterranean Countries
Basic Principles of the Composting Process
Limitations of the Composting Process
Policy Issues for Agricultural Wastes in Europe and Mediterranean Countries
Zeolites in Agricultural Waste Reuse Processes
Physical and Chemical Properties of Zeolites
Oinoptilolite
Zeolites for AW Treatment
Zeolites in Composting Processes
Zeolites in Piggery Wastes Treatment
Zeolite Combined with Organic Manure
Production of Adsorbents either Biosorbents or Pyrolized/Activated Carbons from Agricultural Wastes
Organic Compounds (Dyes, Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Solvents) Removal
Heavy Metals and Other Ions Removal
Production of Membranes from Agricultural Wastes
Conclusion
References
Current Utilization of Dairy Industry Co-Products
Current Status of Major Dairy Streams Production and Their Utilization
Major Applications of Whey Permeate
Agricultural Applications of Whey Permeate
Land Spreading
Animal Feed
Chemical and Cosmetics Applications of Whey Permeate
З.1. Solvents
Exopolysaccharides
Biosurfactants
Major Food Applications of Whey Permeate
Lactose Characteristics and Applications
Lactose Recovery Processes
Lactose Derivatives
З.1. Lactic Acid
Lactulose
Tagatose
Galactooligosaccharides
Other Lactose Derivatives
Naturally Occurring Oligosaccharides
Naturally Occurring Peptides
Whey Permeate As Substrate for Bacteriocin Production
Minerals: A Need of Developing Feasible Desalination Processes
Whey Permeate As a Fuel and Energy Source
Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel
Biohydrogen
Biogas (Methane)
Bioethanol
Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Olive Stones
Introduction
Non-energy Use of Olive Stones
Adsorbent
Source of Natural Antioxidants
Furfural Production
Xilooligosaccharide Production
Manufacture of Plastic Materials
Energy Use of Olive Stones
EXTRACTION
Thermochemical Conversion
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Biochemical Pathway
Olive Stones Pretreatment
Hydrothermal Pretreatments: Liquid Hot Water (LHW) and Steam Explosion (SE)
Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment (DSA)
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Cellulose
Sugar Fermentation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Potential Use of Nut Agricultural BY-PRODUCTS IN POLYMER MATERIALS: A REVIEW
Introduction
Nutritional Value of Nuts
Nut Agricultural by-Products
Revalorisation of Nut by-Products in Polymer Materials as Reinforcement
Revalorisation of Nut by-Products in Polymer Active Packaging as Bioactive Natural Product Sources
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Action of Nut By-Products
Antioxidant action of Nut By-Products
Recent Uses of Nut By-Products
Conclusion
References
Perspectives on the Utilization of Rice Hull in Productive Processes
INTRODUCTION
Silica Extraction from Rice Hull
Chemical Processing Silica from Rice Hull: Alkaline Leaching
NH4F Dissolution Process
Biological Approach
Applications of Silica Derived from Rice Hull
Synthesis of Cements and Zeolites from Rice Hull Ash
Silica as Adsorbent and Support for Catalysis
Rice Hull Fermentation
Miscellaneous Applications
References
The Use of Agricultural Residues: A TECHNICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHALLENGE for the Biorefinery
The Agricultural Residues
Chemical Composition of the Lignocellulosic Biomass
Carbohydrates
Lignin
Minor organic and inorganic components
The Heterogeneous Composition of the Agricultural Wastes
The Biorefinery Concept: Need for a Change
The Replacement of Oil Refineries
The Biorefinery Perspective
The Challenge of the Agricultural Wastes Biorefining
Benefits and Drawbacks of Agricultural Wastes as Biorefinery Feedstock
The Agricultural Wastes - Biorefinery Scenario
Acknowledgments
References
Valorization of Wastes from Industrial Processing of an Agricultural Product via Thermochemical Conversion Processes
Introduction
Experimental Section
Materials
Kinetic Measurements of the Pyrolysis of Yerba Mate Twigs
Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Experiments
Characterization of the Pyrolysis Products Generated at the Different Temperatures
Experiments for Conversion of the Yerba Mate Twigs into Activated Carbons
Results and Discussion
Kinetic Characterization of the Pyrolysis of the Yerba Mate Twigs
Effect of the Temperature on Yields and Characteristics of the Pyrolysis Products
Conversion of the Yerba Mate Twigs into Activated Carbons
Acknowledgments
References
Agricultural Solid Wastes in Aqueous Phase Dye Adsorption: A Review
Introduction
Classification of Dyes
Potential Dye Pollutants and Its Toxicity Effects
Dye Removal Techniques
Dye Adsorption
Factors Affecting Adsorption of Dye
Influence of Solution pH on Dye Adsorption
Influence of Initial Dye Concentration on Dye Adsorption
Influence of Solution Temperature on Dye Adsorption
Influence of Adsorbent Dosage on Dye Adsorption
Influence of Presence of Salts on Dye Adsorption
Kinetics of Dye Adsorption
Lagergren Pseudo-First-Order and Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic Model
Intra-Particle Diffusion Kinetic Model and Mechanism of Solute Adsorption
Equilibrium Dye Adsorption Isotherms
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model
Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Model
Dye Adsorption Capacities of Various Agricultural Solid Waste Adsorbents
Rice Husk
Sawdust
Sugarcane Bagasse
Fruit Waste
Plant Waste
Bark Material
Conclusion
References
Coffee Wastes As Adsorbents
History of Coffee
Wastes in During Coffee Synthesis
Adsorption Applications
References
Applications of Agricultural Wastes on Bio-hydrogen Production with Bacterial Treatments
Introduction
Fundamental Theory
Extracting Sugar from Agricultural Wastes
Lignocellulose
Thermostable Cellulolytic Bacteria
Growth Medium
Reduced Sugar in the Sample
Approach and Introduction to Hydrogen Production
Biological Effects of Ultrasound
Taguchi Quality Engineering
Experiment
Activation and Growth of Bacteria Strain T4
Organism Growth Curve Test
Production of Reduced Sugar
Glucose Test of Reduced Sugar
Mechanical and Biological Effects
Cultivation of Hydrogen-Producing Bacteria
Ultrasound Irradiation Experiment
Biological Effects
Taguchi Method Planning
Factor Levels and Experimental Design
Taguchi Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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