Long-term outcomes in psychopathology research : rethinking the scientific agenda

Preface I Findings from Long-Term Outcome Studies Past and Future Directions in Psychosis Research Overview Introduction: A Brief History Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes What Remains to Be Learned Conclusion References Course of Bipolar Disorder in Adults and Children Overview Course of BD Course in Adults Clinical Outcome in Adults Predictors of Course in Adults Predictors of Remission in Adults Functional Outcome in Adults BD in Youth BD and Mortality Challenges in Studies of Course of First-Onset BD Diagnostic Issues Period of Risk Terminology for Follow-up Source of Samples Comorbidity Conclusion References Can Course Help Reduce the Heterogeneity of Depressive Disorders?Overview Introduction Recovery and Persistence of Depression Chronic Depression Do the Various Forms of Chronic Depression Differ?Differences Between Persistent and Nonpersistent Depression Comorbidity Personality/Temperament Cognitive Factors Impairment Course and Suicide Early Maltreatment Familial Aggregation and Genetics Other Sources of Heterogeneity Breadth of the MDD Construct: The Case of Subthreshold Depression Defining a Chronic Depressive Spectrum and Developing More Sophisticated Taxonomies of Course Conclusion References The Course of Substance Use Disorders Overview Course of SUDs AUDs Course of Drug Use Disorders Summary of Studies of Course Mortality AUDs and Mortality Drug Use Disorders and Mortality Summary of Mortality Studies Predictors of Remission and Relapse Predictors of Remission Predictors of Relapse Predictors of Recovery Outcomes of Recovery Conclusion Acknowledgments References Commentary Common Themes and Divergent Views on Heterogeneity in Long-Term Course and Outcome of Adult Mental and Substance Disorders II Ongoing Debates About Case Definitions Using Developmental Trajectories to Validate Diagnostic Categories Comparing and Contrasting Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism Overview Historical Background What Is Diagnostic Validity?Comparisons of Autism and AS Comparing Autism and AS on Natural History and Course Critical Appraisal of Outcome Studies of Autism and AS Assessing Developmental Trajectories in Autism and AS AS and DSM-5 The Pathways in ASD Study Implications for Understanding ASD DSM-5 and the Diagnostic Validity of Autism and AS Conclusion References Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. The Result of a Problem Looking for a Diagnosis Overview DMDD Diagnostic and Assessment Issues Temper Outbursts and Their Role in DMDD Where Have Outbursts Been Housed Diagnostically?How Did Outbursts Become Synonymous with BPD?Does Irritable Mood Suggest a Better Home for Outbursts?Outbursts, Irritability, and "Severe Mood Dysregulation”Methodological Problems with DMDD Current Studies of DMDD Conclusion References Deconstructing PTSD Overview Reconceptualization of PTSD in DSM-5 Is PTSD an Anxiety Disorder?Is PTSD a Stress-Related Fear Circuitry Disorder?Is PTSD an Internalizing Disorder?Is PTSD an Externalizing Disorder?Is PTSD a Dissociative Disorder?How Best to Classify PTSD?What About “Complex” PTSD?Treatment Implications Looking Ahead References The Quantitative Classification of Mental Illness. Emerging Solution to Boundary Problems Overview Shortcomings of Current Psychiatric Classification The Quantitative Classification of Mental Disorders The Emerging Consensus Organization Spectra and Subfactors Symptom Structure Examples of Practical Applications References ІІІ Differing Perspectives on the Concept of Recovery Long-Term Outcomes of Juvenile-Onset Depression. Is Recovery a Viable Concept?Overview Introduction Some Notes and Definitions Recovery and Recurrence: Methodological Issues Predictors of Recovery and Recurrence Course Features of Pediatric MDD and Their Predictors Recovery Predictors of Recovery Recurrence Predictors of Recurrence A Research Approach to Depression Risk in Youth: Mood Repair and Its Parasympathetic Nervous System Substrate Mood Repair: The Behavioral Response Mood Repair: Parasympathetic Nervous System Substrata Conclusion Acknowledgments References Long-Term Trajectories and Recovery from PTSD Overview Introduction: The Complexity of PTSD PTSD Results from a Failure to Adapt Long-Term Implications of PTSD Longitudinal Studies and Long-Term Symptomatology of PTSD Study 1:1982 Lebanon War Study 2:1973 Yom Kippur War Delayed-Onset PTSD Conclusion References Preventive Strategies to Optimize Recovery in Psychosis Overview Pre-Emptive Psychiatry: Preventing Illness and Promoting Recovery Defining the Subthreshold Stage of Psychotic Illness and Its Consequences Interventions in the Subthreshold Stage Pharmacological and Psychosocial Interventions for FEP Recovery and the Critical Period Physical Health in Individuals with a Psychotic Illness Specialized Service Approaches to Maximize Recovery Conclusion References Advocacy, Stigma, and Self-Disclosure. A Personal Perspective The Rise of Advocacy The Importance of Disclosure Conclusion References Organizational Change Toward Recovery-Oriented Service Provision. A Provider’s Perspective Overview Why Do We Seek Change?The Change Begins Would I Know a Recovery-Oriented Mental Health System If I Saw One?Putting Theory into Practice Using Psychiatric Rehabilitation Tools to Assess Readiness for Change: A Case Study Developing Readiness to Change The Reality of a Recovery-Oriented Service System Encouraging and Sustaining Change Conclusion References IV The Need for Continued Long-Term Outcomes Research Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Old Problem, New Disorder, Limited Data Overview Old Problem: Historical Perspectives of NSSI New Disorder: NSSI Disorder in DSM-5 What We've Known What We've Learned What We Need What Is the Course of NSSI?What Are the Characteristics of NSSI?What Are the Causes of NSSI?What Are the Most Effective Treatments for NSSI?Can We Prevent NSSI?Conclusion References Blending Technological Innovations into Long-Term Prospective Research Overview Introduction Heritability Genetic Epidemiology Linkage Analysis Linkage Analyses in the Portuguese Island Cohort (PIC)Case-Control Analyses Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)Shared Risks Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder The Psychiatric Genomics Collaboration (PGC): Need for Larger Sample Sizes GPC: A Collaborative Resource GPC Design Diagnostic Assessment of Cases Control Selection GPC Sample Characteristics and Limitations Screening for Substance Abuse Comorbidity in the GPC Future GPC Studies References Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of PTSD. Current Status and Future Directions Overview Introduction Fear Processing Fear Conditioning and Extinction Paradigms Fearful Faces Paradigms Emotional Regulation and Responses Memory and Attention Working Memory Attention Bias Treatment Outcomes and Predictors Conclusion References V Epilogue Epilogue Reconsidering Outcome Priorities for Serious Mental Illnesses Overview Outcomes from Schizophrenia: Lessons from Early Intervention Studies What Is Recovery?Characterizing Outcome Priorities for People with Mental Illness Priorities for People with Schizophrenia Conclusion References