America’s Challenges in the Greater Middle East: The Obama Administration’s Policies - America’s Challenges in the Greater Middle East: The Obama Administration’s Policies -

Obama in the Middle East: Failure to Bring Change Iraq: Policies, Politics, and the Art of the Possible Iraq Policy under Clinton and Bush The Two Phases of U.S. Policy under Bush: “Victory,” 2003-2006 A Change in Direction: The Surge and Its Aftermath, 2006-2008 Evaluating the Bush Legacy in Iraq: Impact on Long-Term U.S. Regional Interests Obama and Iraq: New Beginnings, Old Problems Limitations of the New Approach Conclusions Notes Saudi Arabia: A Controversial Partnership The Evolving Alliance A Meeting at the President's Ranch The Saudis' Resentment Lingers A “Hands-Off” U.S. Policy Improved Atmospherics, Policy Differences The Israeli-Palestinian Dispute and the Creation of Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Iraq Energy Policy Inter-Arab Politics Uncertainties Hinder Consensus Enter China?The Iran Nuclear Issue Conclusion Notes GCC States under the Obama Administration U.S.-GCC Relations in Context The GCC and the Obama Presidency The Dilemma over Iran No Movement on the Middle East Peace Process Outlook Notes Egypt: From Stagnation to Revolution U.S.-Egyptian Relations in Perspective Relations during the George W. Bush Administration Obama Policy Before and after the January Uprising Revolution and Beyond Notes Israel and the Palestinian Authority: Resigning to Status Quo Hand in Glove: The Two-Plus-One Option Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want: Under Bush This Charming Man: Obama's New Position and Limitations Back to the Old House: U.S. Power and the Policy of Change?The Way Forward Notes The Maghreb: Strategic Interests The United States and the Maghreb: Historical Background The United States' Bilateral Relations with the Maghreb States Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya The Maghreb: Regional Entity within the Framework of American Foreign Policy Obama and the Question of Western Sahara: Continuity or Change?Conclusion Notes Somalia: Unwanted Legacy, Unhappy Options The Inheritance: The Somali Crisis and U.S. Policy up to 2009 Somali Policy in the 1990s Somali Policy in the Bush Administration, 2001-2006 The Three Pillars: U.S. Policy in 2007-2008 Designation of Shabaab as a Terrorist Group Bush Policy and the Somali Piracy Epidemic The Obama Administration and Somalia: Window of Opportunity?Bad Options and Policy Stasis Humanitarian Aid Somalia and Domestic Law Enforcement Sources of Policy Continuity U.S. Somalia Policy into the Future Notes Iran: From Engagement to Containment Goodwill Gestures Human Rights and Democracy Multilateralism and the Nuclear Impasse Challenges Conclusion Notes Pakistan: A New Beginning?The Weight of the Bush Legacy Brief Historical Background The Crisis within Pakistan Barack Obama—A Rough Beginning Kerry Lugar Bill Where Do We Go from Here?Emerging New Perceptions on the Afghanistan War Washington's Change of Tone toward Pakistan Changing Pakistani Perceptions Conclusion Notes Afghanistan: Grim Prospects?The U.S. Policy Context The Limitations of U.S. Policy Innovation under Obama Limitations of the Obama Approach Challenges Ahead Conclusion Notes Central Asia: Pragmatism in Action An Ambivalent Legacy: U.S. Foreign Policy in Central Asia in the Bush Years Obama at the Helm Coming to Grips with Central Asia Conclusion Notes Turkey: A Neglected Partner Cold War Turco-U.S. Relations Post-Cold War U.S. Policy toward Turkey “Multilateral Father”: George H. W. Bush's Landmark-Event Turkey Policy Bill Clinton and the “Enhanced Partnership”“Unilateral Son”: Rupture of the “Strategic Relationship” under George W. Bush Barack Obama and the “Model Partnership”?Conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography