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Emerging nanotechnologies for diagnostics, drug delivery and medical devices
Therapeutic Applications of Polymeric Materials
INTRODUCTION
POLYMERS AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Polymer—Drug Conjugates
Polymers in Ocular Drug Delivery
Polymers in Tissue Engineering
POLYMERS IN IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Multifunctional Micro- and Nanoparticles
INTRODUCTION
Microparticles
Nanoparticles
Trojan Microparticles
Multifunctional Micro- and Nanoparticles
MICRO- AND NANOMATERIALS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL CARRIERS
Lipid-Based Micro/Nanocarriers
Liposome
Microemulsions
Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles
Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers
Natural Polymers
Chitosan-Based Micro/nanoparticles
Synthetic Polymers
Dendrimers
Nanomicelles
Micro/Nanogel
Inorganic Micro/Nanocarriers
Quantum Dots
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL MOIETIES
Peptides
Proteins and Antibodies
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Fluorescent Dyes
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MICRO- AND NANOPARTICLES
Methods of Conjugating Functional Moieties to Micro- and Nanoparticles
REFERENCES
Nanomicelles in Diagnosis and Drug Delivery*
INTRODUCTION
NANOMICELLE PREPARATION
APPLICATION OF NANOMICELLE IN DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging
APPLICATION OF NANOMICELLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
Solubilize Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
Targeted Nanomicelles
Stimuli-Responsive Nanomicelles
pH Sensitive
Temperature Sensitive
Light Sensitive
Ultrasound Responsive
Others
Multifunctional Nanomicelle Carrier
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Diagnosis and Drug Delivery to the Brain: Novel Strategies
INTRODUCTION
BARRIERS FOR BRAIN DRUG DELIVERY
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD—BRAIN BARRIER
Conventional Strategies for Brain Drug Delivery
INVASIVE DRUG DELIVERY APPROACHES
Convection Enhanced Drug Delivery
BBB Permeability Modulation
Ultrasound-Mediated BBB Disruption
Optical Modulation of Vascular Permeability
NONINVASIVE DRUG DELIVERY APPROACHES
Chemical Derivatization
Prodrug Lipidization
Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs
Intranasal Drug Delivery
NANOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES
Nanoparticles
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Lipid Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoparticles
ACTIVE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TARGETING STRATEGIES
Absorptive-Mediated Transcytosis
Transporter-Mediated Transcytosis
Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis
Blood—Brain Tumor Barrier Targeting Strategies
NOVEL NANOPLATFORMS AND DELIVERY VEHICLES FOR BBB TARGETING
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Macrophages
Exosomes
DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODIAGNOSTIC NANOIMAGING PLATFORMS
Conventional Imaging Modalities
Optical Imaging
Hybrid Imaging Using Optical Contrast
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Emerging Nanotechnology for Stem Cell Therapy
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN ISOLATION OF STEM CELLS
APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN STEM CELL TRACKING
ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN REGULATING MICROENVIRONMENT OF STEM CELLS: POTENTIAL ROLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
NANOPARTICLES AS MACROMOLECULAR DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STEM CELLS
FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FACING THE FIELD
REFERENCES
Nanoparticulate Systems for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications
INTRODUCTION
WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE?
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
Nonrigid Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Lipid Film Hydration Method for Preparation of Liposomes
Drug Loading Liposomes by the Passive Loading Method
Purification of Liposomes—Detergent Removal Methods
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Involving Liposomes
Challenges Associated With Liposomes
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Methods to Prepare Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Solvent Emulsification—Evaporation Method
Drug Incorporation in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Challenges Associated With Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Stability of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Rigid Nanoparticles
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles
Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Laboratory-Scale Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Large-Scale Production of Nanoparticles
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Involving Nanoparticles
Challenges Associated With Polymeric Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanotubes and Nanohorns
Iron Nanoparticles
Methods of Preparation
Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Peptide and Protein-Based Therapeutic Agents
INTRODUCTION
CHALLENGES WITH PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN THERAPEUTICS
CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS
PEGylation
Glycosylation
Mannosylation
MICRO- AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOLOGICS IN DRUG DELIVERY
Microparticles or Microspheres
Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid NP
Carbon Nanotube
Liposomes
Aquasomes
Micelles
PROTEIN- AND PEPTIDE-BASED THERAPEUTICS
Therapeutic Applications
Cancer
Ocular Diseases
Other Diseases
Diagnostic Applications
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoparticles
Other Protein/Peptide Diagnostics
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Nanotechnology in Intracellular Trafficking, Imaging, and Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology in Intracellular Trafficking
MECHANISMS
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis
Clathrin and Caveolae-Independent Mechanisms
RhoA-Mediated Uptake
Clathrin-Independent Carriers/Glycosylphosphotidylinositol- Anchored Protein Enriched Early EndosomalCompartments Pathway
Flotillin-Mediated Endocytosis
MACROPINOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis
Different Phases in Intracellular Trafficking of Nanomaterials
Early Endocytic Vesicles
Late Endosomes—Multivesicular Bodies
Lysosomes
Intracellular Trafficking of Nanomaterials
Mechanisms of Particle Uptake Into Cell Nucleus
Imaging Technology for Intracellular Trafficking of Nanostructures
Confocal Microscopy
Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery: Fabrication, Advances, and Biomedical Applications
INTRODUCTION
Process of Electrospinning
Parameters Influencing the Electrospinning Process and Fiber Characteristics
Concentration
Polymer Molecular Weight
Conductivity
Viscosity
Flow Rate
Applied Voltage
Distance Between the Needle Tip and Collector
Environmental Factors (Humidity and Temperature)
Collector Types
STIMULI-RESPONSIVE NANOFIBERS IN DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS
pH-Responsive Systems
Light-Activated Systems
Thermoresponsive Systems
Ultrasound-Responsive Systems
Enzyme-Responsive Systems
Oxidative Stress—Responsive Systems
Carbohydrate-Responsive Systems
Multiresponsive Systems
Challenges in Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Applications of Nanofibers
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
Electrospun Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
Skin Tissue Engineering
Bone Tissue Engineering
Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Nerve Tissue Engineering
Electrospun Nanofibers Applications in Dentistry
Electrospun Nanofibers Application in Ocular Injuries
Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery
Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Cancer Therapy
Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Application
Biosensor and Immunoassay
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Nanosystems for Diagnostic Imaging, Biodetectors, and Biosensors
INTRODUCTION
NANOSYSTEMS AS PLATFORMS FOR ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Quantum Dots
Gold Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanotubes
Silica Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Nanomicelles
Dendrimers
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING WITH NANOSYSTEMS
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Optical Imaging
Nuclear Imaging
Computed Tomography
Ultrasound
BIOLOGICAL SENSORS
Glucose Sensors
Immobilized Enzyme Film Glucose Biosensors
Nanoparticle/Carbon Nanotube—Based Glucose Biosensors
Mechanism of Implantable Biosensor
Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors
Mechanism of Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors
Microcantilever
Mechanism of Microcantilever Deflection
Microcantilevers as Cancer Detectors
Microcantilevers in Coronary Heart Diseases
Microcantilevers in Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Biochips in Microcantilevers
Nanocantilevers
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Micro- and Nanotechnology-Based Implantable Devices and Bionics
INTRODUCTION
BIOCOMPATIBILITY ISSUES OF IMPLANTS
MICROTECHNOLOGY-BASED IMPLANTABLE DEVICES AND BIONICS
Sensing Systems
Drug Delivery Devices
NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED IMPLANTABLE DEVICES AND BIONICS
Sensing Systems
Drug Delivery Devices
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
Lipid
Surfactant
SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
High-Pressure Homogenization
Hot Homogenization Technique
Cold Homogenization Technique
Microemulsion-Based Technique
Solvent Emulsification—Evaporation Technique
Solvent Displacement Technique
Emulsification—Diffusion Technique
DRUG-LOADING CAPACITY OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
DRUG INCORPORATION MODELS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
DRUG RELEASE FROM SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
Influence of Temperature
Influence of Surfactants
APPLICATIONS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Routes of Administration of SLNs
Oral Administration
Parenteral Route
Topical Administration
Pulmonary Administration
Rectal Administration
Ocular Administration
Application of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs: PEG Coating
SLNs as Potential Carriers of Anticancer Agents
Significance of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Anticancer Carriers
Incorporation of Hydrophilic Anticancer Actives in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
STABILITY CONCERNS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
Influence of Shear Forces and Lipid Concentration
Influence of the Surface of the Packing Material
Properties of the Lipids: SLNs Versus Bulk Material
Stability and Storage Conditions
Gelling Tendency: Temperature Versus Shear Forces
Physical Stability
Physical Stability due to Changes in Lipids
Gelation
Lipid Modification
Physical Stability due to Changes in Colloidal Lipid Dispersion
Ostwald Ripening
Coalescence
Chemical Stability
Phospholipid Stability
Triglycerides Stability
TOXICITY ASPECTS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
IN VIVO FATE OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Microneedles in Drug Delivery
INTRODUCTION
SKIN STRUCTURE AND BARRIER TO TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY
MICRONEEDLES
Solid Microneedles
Hollow Microneedles
Coated Microneedles
Dissolving Microneedles
Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles
SELECTION OF MICRONEEDLE DESIGNS FOR APPLICATIONS
COMMERCIAL MICRONEEDLE DEVICES
REFERENCES
Nanotechnology-Based Medical and Biomedical Imaging for Diagnostics
INTRODUCTION
FLUORESCENCE-BASED IMAGING AND DIAGNOSTICS
NANOCARRIERS IN BIOLOGICAL IMAGING
Inorganic Nanomaterials
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Silica Nanoparticles
Quantum Dots
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Lipid Nanocarriers
Gadolinium Nanoparticles
Radiolabeled Nanoparticles
Radiolabeled Liposomes
Radiolabeled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoshells
Radiolabeled Nanomicelles
PHOTOACOUSTIC AND ULTRASOUND IMAGING
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Drug and Gene Delivery Materials and Devices
INTRODUCTION
ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Nanomaterials
Nano Drug Delivery Systems
GENE DELIVERY
Viral Vector Approach
Nonviral Vector Approach
Physical Approach
GENE THERAPY PRODUCTS
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
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