Behavioral Modelling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters - Behavioral Modelling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters -

Preface Characterization of Wireless Transmitter Distortions Introduction RF Power Amplifier Nonlinearity Inter-Modulation Distortion and Spectrum Regrowth Impact of Distortions on Transmitter Performances Output Power versus Input Power Characteristic AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics dB Compression Point Third and Fifth Order Intercept Points Carrier to Inter-Modulation Distortion Ratio Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio Error Vector Magnitude References Dynamic Nonlinear Systems Classification of Nonlinear Systems Memoryless Systems Systems with Memory Memory in Microwave Power Amplification Systems Nonlinear Systems without Memory Weakly Nonlinear and Quasi-Memoryless Systems Nonlinear System with Memory Baseband and Low-Pass Equivalent Signals Origins and Types of Memory Effects in Power Amplification Systems Origins of Memory Effects Electrical Memory Effects Thermal Memory Effects Volterra Series Models References Model Performance Evaluation Introduction Behavioral Modeling versus Digital Predistortion Time Domain Metrics Normalized Mean Square Error Memory Effects Modeling Ratio Frequency Domain Metrics Frequency Domain Normalized Mean Square Error Adjacent Channel Error Power Ratio Weighted Error Spectrum Power Ratio Normalized Absolute Mean Spectrum Error Static Nonlinearity Cancelation Techniques Static Nonlinearity Pre-Compensation Technique Static Nonlinearity Post-Compensation Technique Memory Effect Intensity Discussion and Conclusion References Quasi-Memoryless Behavioral Models Introduction Modeling and Simulation of Memoryless/Quasi-Memoryless Nonlinear Systems Bandpass to Baseband Equivalent Transformation Look-Up Table Models Uniformly Indexed Loop-Up Tables Non-Uniformly Indexed Look-Up Tables Generic Nonlinear Amplifier Behavioral Model Empirical Analytical Based Models Polar Saleh Model Cartesian Saleh Model Frequency-Dependent Saleh Model Ghorbani Model Berman and Mahle Phase Model Thomas-Weidner-Durrani Amplitude Model Limiter Model ARCTAN Model Rapp Model White Model Power Series Models Polynomial Model Bessel Function Based Model Chebyshev Series Based Model Gegenbauer Polynomials Based Model Zernike Polynomials Based Model References Memory Polynomial Based Models Introduction Generic Memory Polynomial Model Formulation Memory Polynomial Model Variants of the Memory Polynomial Model Orthogonal Memory Polynomial Model Sparse-Delay Memory Polynomial Model Exponentially Shaped Memory Delay Profile Memory Polynomial Model Non-Uniform Memory Polynomial Model Unstructured Memory Polynomial Model Envelope Memory Polynomial Model Generalized Memory Polynomial Model Hybrid Memory Polynomial Model Dynamic Deviation Reduction Volterra Model Comparison and Discussion References Box-Oriented Models Introduction Hammerstein and Wiener Models Wiener Model Hammerstein Model Augmented Hammerstein and Weiner Models Augmented Wiener Model Augmented Hammerstein Model Three-Box Wiener-Hammerstein Models Wiener-Hammerstein Model Hammerstein-Wiener Model Feedforward Hammerstein Model Two-Box Polynomial Models Models’Descriptions Identification Procedure Three-Box Polynomial Models Parallel Three-Blocks Model: PLUME Model Three Layered Biased Memory Polynomial Model Rational Function Model for Amplifiers Polynomial Based Model with I/Q and DC Impairments Parallel Hammerstein (PH) Based Model for the Alleviation of Various Imperfections in Direct Conversion Transmitters Two-Box Model with I/Q and DC Impairments References Neural Network Based Models Introduction Basics of Neural Networks Neural Networks Architecture for Modeling of Complex Static Systems Single-Input Single-Output Feedforward Neural Network (SISO-FFNN)Dual-Input Dual-Output Feedforward Neural Network (DIDO-FFNN)Dual-Input Dual-Output Coupled Cartesian Based Neural Network (DIDO-CC-NN)Neural Networks Architecture for Modeling of Complex Dynamic Systems Complex Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (CTDRNN)Complex Time-Delay Neural Network (CTDNN)Real Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (RVTDRNN)Real Valued Time-Delay Neural Network (RVTDNN)Training Algorithms Conclusion References Characterization and Identification Techniques Introduction Test Signals for Power Amplifier and Transmitter Characterization Characterization Using Continuous Wave Signals Characterization Using Two-Tone Signals Characterization Using Multi-Tone Signals Characterization Using Modulated Signals Characterization Using Synthetic Modulated Signals Discussion: Impact of Test Signal on the Measured AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics Data De-Embedding in Modulated Signal Based Characterization Identification Techniques Moving Average Techniques Model Coefficient Extraction Techniques The LMS Algorithm The RLS Algorithm Robustness of System Identification Algorithms The LS Algorithm The LMS Algorithm The RLS Algorithm Conclusions References Baseband Digital Predistortion The Predistortion Concept Adaptive Digital Predistortion Closed Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters Open Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters The Predistorter’s Power Range in Indirect Learning Architectures Constant Peak Power Technique Constant Average Power Technique Synergetic CFR and DPD Technique Small Signal Gain Normalization Digital Predistortion Implementations Baseband Digital Predistortion RF Digital Predistortion The Bandwidth and Power Scalable Digital Predistortion Technique Summary References Advanced Modeling and Digital Predistortion Joint Quadrature Impairment and Nonlinear Distortion Compensation Using Multi-Input DPD Modeling of Quadrature Modulator Imperfections Dual-Input Polynomial Model for Memoryless Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Dual-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects Dual-Branch Parallel Hammerstein Model for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions with Memory Dual-Conjugate-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects Modeling and Linearization of Nonlinear MIMO Systems Impairments in MIMO Systems Linear or Antenna Crosstalk Nonlinear Crosstalk Crossover Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters Dual-Input Nonlinear Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters MIMO Transmitters Nonlinear Multi-Variable Polynomial Model Dual-Input Memoryless Model N-Input Memoryless Model N-Input Memory Model Modeling and Linearization of Dual-Band Transmitters Generalization of the Polynomial Model to the Dual-Band Case Two-Dimensional (2-D) Memory Polynomial Model for Ducl-Bcnd Transmitters Phase-Aligned Multi-Band Volterra DPD Application of MIMO and Dual-Band Models in Digital Predistortion Linearization ofMIMO Systems with Nonlinear Crosstalk Linearization of Concurrent Dual-Band Transmitters Using a 2-D Memory Polynomial Model Linearization of Concurrent Tri-Band Transmitters Using 3-D Phase-Aligned Volterra Model References